E. Stevenson High School - 774 Words

Adlai E. Stevenson High School is a public high school located in Lincolnshire in Illinois which belongs to district 125 and servers the communities of Lincolnshire, Prairie View, Long Grove, and some parts of Vernon Hills, Lake Forest, Lake Zurich, Buffalo Grove, Deerfield, Wheeling, Mundelein, Indian Cree, Riverwoods, Kildeer, Palatine and Mettawa. Students who live in district 125 can be enrolled at Stevenson High School. Stevenson offers its service, in 2015/2016 school year, to 3,906 students. The student body is approximately, White 66.2%, Asian 21.9%, Hispanic 7.1%, Two or More Races 2.7%, Black 1.8%, American Indian 0.2%, Pacific Islander 0.1%. 6.2% of the students are with some disabilities. 0.1% students come from low-income†¦show more content†¦The average score achieved by the students in the four subject areas plus a composite score in 2015 reflects teachers’ and students’ commitment to the school mission: Composite: 27, English: 27, Mathematics: 2 7, Reading: 26, and Science: 26. Stevenson offers a lot of areas for students to receive academic assistance and encouragement in many subjects: 9th hour, peer tutoring, targeted tutoring, and homework center. To support Adlai E. Stevenson High School’s efforts for the continued pursuit of Success for Every Student, Stevenson have developed the Faculty Evaluation Plan that is based on Danielson Framework for Teaching. Stevenson believes that this plan will serve as a valuable tool in the district to maintain high standards for professionalism, practice, and collaboration resulting in improved professional practice and students learning. One of the strengths of using the Danielson’s Framework at Stevenson is to improve student learning through a variety of feedback process. Danielson’s Framework promotes reflection on practice, defines clear criteria for evaluation of current practice, provides feedback on curriculum, instructional, and assessment practices, supports fostering a culture of professional learning and collaboration, and ensures faculty continue to grow professionally. In the evaluation process the feedback plays an important role. The Danielson Framework explains and defines the importance of collaboration.

The Two Main Levels Of Diversity - 1021 Words

Describe the two main levels of diversity. Give and example of each. The two main levels of diversity is surface level diversity and deep level diversity. Surface level diversity is the what you can tell about person when you first meet them. It is your demographic differences. Surface level diversity can range from some skin color, age, gender, to the amount of education. While deep level diversity is the how people think feel and what they believe in. Is the most important thing to know about a person. Deep level diversity for example is how someone feels about there family, how they interact with other(introvert or extrovert), and how they solve problems. What is the role of stereotypes in organization? Stereotypes don’t play a†¦show more content†¦Intellectual ability are the abilities needed to perform mental activities- thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. Which is made up of seven dimensions are number aptitude, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, and memory. Knowing someones intellectual ability is relevant OB, because it allows you but them in position where they will succeed and make your organization more efficient. Also allows for you to help choose the rights candidate for manager and promoting people from with in the company. 5. Compare and contrast intellectual and physical ability. Both of these abilities are based on how well you can do something. The difference between the two is the that intellectual is how smart you are and physical is your ability to do physical work. For example intellectual ability is the ability to think, reasoning, and problems. How well some can solve a math problem is intellectual. While physical is how much someone can lift or how long they can run for is physical ability. They are very different in the respect that one has to do with your mental capabilities, while the other has to do with raw strength. How ever they are are similar in respect that they measure how well you can do something or complete a task. This can be helpful to manager when figuring where to position people in the most effective manner. 6.How can organizations effectively manage diversity? ThisShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Cultural Diversity1198 Words   |  5 Pagesacknowledges, integrates and incorporates the relevance of culture, evaluation of cross-cultural relations, , and adaptation of services to meet culturally unique needs(pg.294). Diversity and cultural competence are two main concepts that are essential to address and take action to incorporate minorities with the main goal to have citizen engagement. 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An advantage of having a diversity in an organization is having many studentsRead MoreEssay on Walgreens Diversity Issues1644 Words   |  7 PagesWalgreens diversity issues: A weakness that was gained subsequent to the information gathered from research and surveys is that as a company it is true that diversity is practiced but may differ at stores; stores tend to lack a wide range of diversity. One may ask how that is possible. Let me explain stated Wasson, â€Å"We understand that we serve our customer and patient best when our workforce and suppliers reflect our communities† (Walgreens.com/diversity) which may be beneficial on a financial stanceRead MoreInternal and External Factors1426 Words   |  6 Pagesreport we will be discussing two of the external factors and two of the internal factors of diversity and ethics of the food giant chain McDonald’s Restaurant. 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An environment where diversity is respected is on whereas individualsRead MoreGenetic Structure and Differentiation of Four Populations of Afghan Pika (Ochotonarufescens) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Iran541 Words   |  3 Pagesand genetic diversity. The result of cytochrome b region of mitochondrial gene variation indicated high levels of haplotype diversity (0.834 ±0.059) among all individuals of O.rufescens and low nucleotide diversity (0.0024 ±0.0008). In comparison with other Pikas, afghan pika showed low haplotype diversity but nucleotide diversity was high in Afghan Pika than ot her species of Pikas except collard pika (Table 7). Totally, our result showed low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity, which mayRead MoreDiversity Of A New Rocket Ship1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of diversity is an ever-growing discussion to encourage inclusion of different people, cultures, and backgrounds into the global marketplace. In my issue paper, I will explore the idea of diversity, its benefits, and how it can be included within key sectors of the business world. Diversity is an important factor to the business place that allows employees and customers to interact with companies that value their background as an essential part of their business plan company culture. ThereRead MoreThe Effects Of Culture On Diversity Management Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter outlines the effects of culture on diversity management in organizations in Kenya. Secondly, it highlights the literature related factors that affect culture and in turn diversity management in organizations in Kenya such as technology, level of skilled workers, policies enforced by organizations in Kenya, and the level of resources available to them. The chapter also analysed literature related to other aspects that effect diversity management

Refraction free essay sample

Refraction BY gupta979 Refraction refers to the bending of the transmitted light at the interface between two transparent materials. The angle of refraction depends on the angle of incidence and the relative speeds of the light in the two different media and can be found from the relationship [pic] From this equation we see that the direction in which the light is bent depends on whether it is going from a slower to a faster medium or vice versa. Index of refraction The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. By definition, n = 1 in vacuum. In all materials n 1. The frequency of light does not change as it goes from one a medium of one index of refraction to another. This means that the wavelength changes with the speed. Thus, the wavelength is smaller in a medium than in vacuum. We will write a custom essay sample on Refraction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the definition of the index of refraction, we can rewrite the relationship etween the incident and refracted angles as or This equation is known as Snells law of refraction. Example The index of refraction of a glass is n = 1. 6. A ray of light is incident upon the glass surface at an angle of 300. What is the angle of refraction into the glass? Solution: approximately n If the wavelength of the light in air is 520 nm (green), what is its wavelength in the glass? What is the frequency of the light? (2 slow fast incident reflected refracted

Modernism Vs. Postmodernism Essays - Art Movements, Modern Painters

Modernism Vs. Postmodernism This question highlights one of the themes central to the account of modem art offered in this course: the tension between the theoretical perspectives of, on the one hand, Modernist criticism and, on the other, an approach focused on the relationship of the art of any given period to its social, political and historical context. The two quotations given above may be interpreted as representing these polarities. It would be an oversimplification to suggest that to accept a Modernist account of modem art must imply rejection of a socio-historical view, or vice-versa (the discussion between TJ Clark and Michael Fried about Pollock (TV21) suggests that there is room for negotiation, if not for compromise). It is, however, arguable that a definition of postmodernism should take into consideration both the close interrelationship between Modernist criticism and mid-twentieth century abstract art, which together constituted the dominant hegemony in art from the late 1940s to the early 1960 s (and hence the artistic context against which postmodernism in the visual arts evolved), and the social, historical and political context within which art characterised as postmodern has developed. It seems reasonable, therefore, to start by attempting to clarify the critical positions represented by Greenberg and Burgin. Greenberg, in 'Modernist Painting' (1961) and other writings, sets the development of modem art, specifically painting, in the context of the ideas of the Enlightenment philosopher Kant, who 'used logic to establish the limits of logic' (Art in Theory p.755.) Kant thereby established a precedent for using the techniques of a particular medium to define and refine that medium, a process referred to by Greenberg as 'self-criticism'. This implies that painting, rather than 'using art to conceal art' (ibid) by creating illusionistic space and depth, should rather use art 'to call attention to art' (ibid), that is, to emphasise the unique characteristics of the medium; 'the flat surface, the shape of the support, the properties of pigment' (ibid). Greenberg states that such a process would render art 'pure', that is, autonomous, free of any extraneous elements deri ving from other arts, such as theatricality or narrative. The impact of a painting should thus derive from those technical aspects characteristic of painting, such as colour, form and composition. An example of the sort of painting Greenberg was advocating at the time may clarify this. Morris Louis's painting Alpha-Phi (pl.D10) is exactly contemporary with the publication of 'Modernist Painting'. It consists of bold, ragged, diagonal streaks of pure colour against an off-white ground; Louis's use of acrylic paints, which soak into the canvas, means that the colours appear integrated with the ground and hence do not disrupt the flatness of the picture plane. Its effect depends upon the arrangement of colours and the large scale of the painting which makes it occupy 'so much of one's visual field that it loses its character as a discrete tactile object and thereby become that much more purely a picture, a strictly visual entity' (Greenberg, 'Louis and Noland', p.28). It is apparently devoid of references to anything other than the intrinsic qualities of forms and colours. Louis's painting, and the contemporary work of Kenneth Noland (e.g. Bloom, pl 141) and Jules Olitski (e.g. (Twice) Disarmed pl.D11) were seen by Greenberg as being how paintings should look if they are to continue 'the intelligible continuity of taste and tradition' (Art in Theory p.760) and offer the viewer 'a sufficient degree of aesthetic power' (Modernism in Dispute p. 173) in the 1960s. Burgin, however, sees Greenberg's approach and hence, by implication, paintings such as Alpha-Phi, as 'the terminal point of [an] historical trajectory'. It is arguable that paintings such as those of Louis represent a point beyond which art could not be further refined, and must therefore be reassessed or stagnate. Furthermore, in the context of the major social and political upheavals of the late 1960s and thereafter, such work might appear increasingly irrelevant. From Burgin's viewpoint, Greenberg's privileging of aesthetic and technical issues marginalises those types of art which can be validated by reference to their relationship with their historical context, to the way in which they represent their times. Thus Dada would be of little importance in a Greenbergian art history, but significant in

Marxism in Development Geography

Marxism in Development Geography Introduction Marxist Geography is critical in nature, and it utilizes philosophy and theories of Marxism to look at the spatial relations of human Geography. Marxist Geography attempts to change the world as well as explaining it.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Marxism in Development Geography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marxism perceives human beings as gradually transforming or changing themselves in stages until social perfection is reached (Peet, 1977). This transformation is viewed as an aim towards which society should be moving. The change is brought forth by dialectical systems bringing about a new process which is again contradicted and the process is replicated (Richard 1985). To effectively be able to comprehend geographical relations, it is important that the social-structure be observed. Marxism Geography tries to change the society by changing its basic structure. The forces behind the changing society are seen as entities which are the modes of production. They include capital, labour, class, capitalism, the market, the state and society. Marxist geography looks at the conflicting forces between social processes and the natural relations together with the spatial relations. It revolves around the modes of production which mold the social structure, remold it continuously to form the superstructure of the society. This paper will critically look at Marxism geography of development (Kitchen and Thrift, 2009). Marxism in Development Geography David Harvey (1973) is the primary developer of the Marxist movement in human geography. According to Marxist geography, social formations of capitalism give birth to environmental and spatial problems, for example, destructions of habitats and uneven employment. It studies the inherent capitalism contradictions as they appear in landscape and relate with each other (Yeung, 2005). This theory will explore the geographical parad igms brought out in Marxism geography, detailing the principles of Marxist geography with reference to the concepts of space and place. Kuhn (1962) came with the idea of paradigms and argued that periods dominated by one research mode, in science, are separated by periods of rapid change (Haggett 1990). Paradigms are described by Harvey (1973: 120) as a set of accepted relationships, categories, concepts and methods, throughout a community at given time. Anomalies occur over time that cannot be explained by the existing paradigms. These accumulations continue to a point where it calls for investigation (Hagget 1990).Advertising Looking for critical writing on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Revolution and creation of new paradigms may result when problems created by the anomalies are attempted to be solved (Harvey 1973). Marxism perceives human beings as gradually transforming or changing themselves in sta ges until social perfection is reached. The Marxist geographers heavily depend on Marxist economic and social theories to show how the means of production in capitalist structures, control the human spatial distribution. By changing the workings of production, Marxist geography aims at changing the fundamental operations of social processes. This leads to investigations being done which leads to revolution and creation of new paradigms. Kuhn’s analysis may not directly, be relevant to the evolution and structure of geography, but, its three elements can explain what has happened with the discipline (Johnston, 1997). Marxist geography is composed of a disciplinary matrix paradigm which has shared values with social theory world view paradigm, in contrast with spatial science geography (Johnston, 1997). Human geography as explained by Johnston (1997) is a multiple discipline paradigm which is effectively in competition. Johnston’s view contradicts Kuhn’s view of a new paradigm which is almost universally accepted. Development of Marxism geography Marxist geography came into existence as a response to criticism on spatial geography, which dominated the, period (Richard 1985). Cox (2005) is of the view that the creation of the new paradigms is not a cheap process. Combining of the various bits and pieces of the Marxist world view ends up with quite an eclectic mix of concepts. A Marxism in favor of exchange and competition instead of class and production, for instance it might be simply a concern of unequal outcomes (Cox 2005. 3). Marxism geography underwent a quantitative revolution other than the historical preoccupation with description of unique places in details. Instead, this new science identified universal spatial laws, and concerned with applying scientific methods and creating models which could predict spatial patterns and human behavior (Cloke et al 1991).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Marxism in Development Geography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spatial science according to Johnston et al (2000) was based on a belief in positivism where observation, repetition and empirical research could be done, tested, verified and spatial laws of science uncovered. Humanistic geography was also in line with the Marxist geography in criticizing the spatial approach. It was in respect to spatial analysis also to the emergent Marxist geography (Cox 2004). In Duncan and Ley (1982) paper, it was featured as a deterministic and economistic approach. Humanistic geography however, lacked strong theoretical underpinnings which dismissed it as a credible response to the challenge posed by the Marxist geography. The now called ‘the new cultural geography’ is the response that emerged in the early eighties. Criticism of spatial science developed along two distinct lines. It did not consider the processes of independence and creativity a mong human beings, and it also ignored the effects of political, economical and social structures in developing spatial patterns (Cloke et al 1991). These two factors developed the humanist, in the first instance, and radical, in the second instance, strands of geography. Marxist geographers incorporated Marxist’s ideas into Geography to come up with Marxist geography (Moseley et al., 2007). Other aspects like feminist geography got hooked up with Marxism and the attraction of the new cultural geography became very strong and dominated the field (Cox 2005). Embracing the universalistic view of Marxism mirrored what was taking place in the real world. Harvey (1973) pointed out that class was, in fact, being sidelined by gender and race as pivots of oppositional politics in the United States. Harvey (1985a) outlines Marxist analysis key ideas, modes of production, which are the ways in which daily social life is produced reproduced and replicated. Marxism main focus is on the c apitalist mode of production, and he outlines the need for continued circulation of capital, profit being its core motive. Continuous circulation of capital can only be maintained if there is continuous expansion of commodities produced value and; hence economic growth is achieved. Marxism major achievement was the identification and understanding of exploitation as central in capitalist form of development (Cox 2004). The relations of production that necessitated exploitation in the work place extended the same to the living place through commoditization of the living place (Harvey 1985b).Advertising Looking for critical writing on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critical human geographers argue that exploitation instead of being an essential of capitalism, it occurs in times at particular places depending on the circumstances. The economic growth achieved as a result of continuous expansion of commodity values, expects workers to increase the value in production by giving more in production, than they are given in exchange for their labor. They, therefore, provide profits to the owners of modes of production. This gives rise to class relations in that capitalists who own the means of production prosper from the profits they get from exploiting the laborers, who in turn continue to be exploited. The workers must sell their labor for them to survive, and the owners of production continue exploiting them, hence replication of capitalism and exploitation (Marx, 1970). This perspective is incorporated in the Marxism geography to help change the society by facing the problems facing them, which is majorly capitalism. Harvey (1985a) echoes Marxism notion that capitalism has inherent conflicts, which make it, subject to crisis. For example, capitalists will seek to use technology to replace living labor in order to diminish the powers of workers by gaining competitive advantage (Brenner, 1977). This is in contrast with the fact that human workers are needed to the value expansion of commodities, the maintenance of capital circulation and creation of profits for the owners of production. Marxism’s belief is that capitalism will eventually fail because of these contradictions and, this will pave the way for a new mode of production (Marx Engels, 1978). Marxism geography not only criticized the spatial geographers for not taking account of the factors. They discovered in capitalist socio- economic and political causes of patterns in geography. They also criticized it for claiming objectivity through the support of positivism and the use of scientific methods. Research, argued by the radical geographers can never be value free. The choice of what to study also requires judgment in value. Therefore, stating research values should be done and clearly stated. Marxism geography has come under a lot of criticism, being challenged by newer and developing ideas like cultural geography, postmodernism and feminism, though they later integrated themselves into Marxism geography making it the main idea in the field (Cox 2004). For example, Howell (et al 2003) looks at class as only one factor in social patterns development, while there are others like ethnicity, sexuality, gender, color, language and even race. Rose, a feminist (1993, cited Holloway et al (2003) criticizes its male dominated analysis. Marxism geography has been questioned due to the backdrop of the changing world events and even the collapse of socialist states. Conclusion Space and place are the key concepts within the concept of Marxist geography. Some of the core ideas of Marxism geography can be deduced from the way the concepts of space a nd place have been analyzed. Marxist analysis reveals contradiction within capitalism through the analysis of space and place. This is explained by Harvey (1982), as because capitalism will try to unify and integrate space. Marxism developed from criticism of spatial science and dominated the social theory of geography. Some of the criticisms have been integrated into the Marxist geography making it dominant. Marxist geography looks at space as a social construction and looks at the connections between places (Smith, 1984). It is a vital and essential element in the geographical discipline development and potions of its analysis have been and still are widely accepted over the past 30 years. It is, however, facing the challenges of maintaining its importance and relevance in the face of emerging new ideas, changing times, and an overall changing world. Humanistic geography, which provides most, criticism to Marxist geography, ironically is seen as lacking in explaining the behaviora l constraints brought about by the social structures and the social agencies. References Brenner R. (1977). â€Å"The origin of capitalist development: a critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism.† New left review, 104: 25- 92. Cloke, P. et al, (1991). Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Debates. London: Paul Chapman Publishing. Haggett, P. (1990).The Geographer’s Art, Oxford: Blackwell. Harvey, D. (1973). Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold. Harvey, D. (1982). The Limits to Capital. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Harvey, D. (1985a). The Geopolitics of Capitalism, in Gregory. D. and Urry, J. eds (1985) Social Relations and Spatial Structures. Critical Human Geography. London. Harvey, D. (1985b). Consciousness and the Urban Experience. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Holloway, S. et al. (2003). Key Concepts in Geography, London: Sage. Johnston, R. (1997). Geography and Geographers, (5th Ed). London: Arnold. Johnston, et al. (2000). The Dict ionary of Human Geography, (4th Ed). Oxford: Blackwell. Smith, N. (1984). Uneven Development. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Cox R. K. (2004). â€Å"Globalization, the class relations and democracy†. Geo Journal. 60: 31- 41. Cox R. K. (2005). From Marxist geography to critical geography and back again. Department of geography Ohio University. Ohio State University. Columbus. Duncan J. and Ley D. (1982). Structural Marxism and human geography: a critical assessment. Association of American Geographers: Annal. 72: 30- 59. Kitchen, R and Thrift, N. (2009). International encyclopedia of human geography. London: Elsevier. Marx, K. Engels, F. (1978). The German ideology. International publishers. New York. Marx, K. (1970). Capitalism, Volume 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Moseley, W. et al (Ed). (2007). The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: contemporary debates and classic writings. Oxford: Blackwell. Peet, R. (ed) (1977). Radical geography. Chicago: Maaroufa Pres. Richard J. (19 85). â€Å"An introduction to Marxist Geography.† Journal of Geography, 84(1): 5-10. Yeung, H. W. (2005). â€Å"Rethinking relational economic geography.† Institute of British Geographers, 30: 37–51.

Australian Law and Native Title

Australian Law and Native Title Introduction Long before British colony established in Australia, that is, before 1788, the Aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders settled in Australia as indigenous people. As usual, the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander had their own customs and laws governing them besides, speaking a unique language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Law and Native Title specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interestingly, these laws and customs went in tandem with brawny and firm spiritual connections, with an aim of forming an indigenous country. For example, these traditional customs and laws composed diverse activities like performing ceremonials and rituals, where men could go hunting and fishing and on the other hand, women could gather food. Additionally, the laws and customs mandated provision of education and knowledge to children through storytelling, artwork, songs and dances. Furthermore, thes e laws and customs became a platform of environmental conservation for future generations. Therefore, these laws and customs provided equality to all members of the society irrespective of the social class. However, after 1788, the story was never the same as the British colony alleged its own sovereignty in Australia. In essence, the British administration claimed colonial mastery and administration over Australian residents. (National Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 1-7). Background History: Advent of Inequality The main cause of Australian law inequality was the British colonisers. These colonisers enacted laws that segregated some communities from the rest. On gaining independence, some leaders continued to impose these laws. To weaken this structure, communities had to contest in a court of law. By 1788, European powers had spread all over Europe to colonise weak nations- Australia being one of them. Nevertheless, it was not an easy task, as these power blocks in Europe had to deploy some tactics in case; indigenous territories resisted any form of colonialism. The first mode applied by these western powers was to conquer by conquest. At this instant, colonial masters had to seek mandate to colonise a nation by negotiating for certain reparations. If this system failed, the colonial masters applied another method. This time round, they could apply stringent measures in order to force indigenous population succumb to their demands. An example of this is what happened in Fiji during the colonial period. Some compensations and reparation could follow. Lastly, the third system involved declaration of land as terra nullius. This means, colonial masters considered land unsafe for human inhabitation hence; no need to negotiate any form of compensations of reparations to indigenous populace (a lie).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any of the three system s asserted negative consequences to indigenous population. As a result, many people suffered most. Some of them became landless and subjected to hard labour. Inequality dominated the talk of the day even as colonial masters killed stubborn indigenes. (Gary, 1997, Para. 5-6). The Aboriginal people of Australia had a well-structured system of governance. Their laws provided a platform of equality among all members. The laws and customs soldiered solidarity among Aboriginals before the First Feet of British colonisers arrived. The laws acted as foundation blocks whose realignment will see the relationship among Aboriginals crumple. Furthermore, the solidarity of Aboriginal population, plus their laws and customs, did not prevent British colonisers from building their own empire over the sovereignty enjoyed in Australian continent. The British colonisers declared Australian land terra nullius. This is because; the British colonisers did not want to negotiate with indigenous population o ver the issue of compensation. Instead, they opted to declare land terra nullius so that, they could evade any form of reparation or compensation exclusive of reference to indigenous rights. Some historians depict that, had these British colonisers recognized how important Aboriginal laws were, they could have spared Aboriginal sovereignty and instead, discuss and negotiate with indigenous population in order to award compensation or reparation to the lost land. (Fry, 1947, pp. 158-168). Deceitfully and deliberately, in 1889, the British colonisers ignored Aboriginal laws and customs, which gave Australian inhabitants fundamental rights and as a substitute, they declared British dominion based on terra nullius. Captivatingly, British officials applied terra nullius through lying to Australian inhabitants. This lie turned into a myth lasting over 200 years. Additionally, the myth shattered the Aboriginal laws and customs and eventually brought devastating moments among Islanders and Aboriginal people in Australia. The Koori people knew this to be a lie just as it came out to be. The British colonisers administered Australia under Terra nullius laws. Even after their withdrawal, Terra nullius dominated indigenous population in Australia until 1992. (Bird, 1988. pp. 4-32).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Law and Native Title specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, there came a period in 1992, when Aboriginal people in Australia demanded justice. The law had proved futile and horrible. Indigenous people tired of terra nullius lies sought legal redress. Finally, one person named Mabo, filed suit to nullify terra nullius. Luckily, the High Court in Australia decided to illegalise terra nullius hence, liberating Aboriginals and Islanders of Strait. Fascinatingly, in Australian High Court, the Mabo case had taken a different perspective where, the national emphasis of Aboriginal stru ggle of rights previously deemed political made a quick shift into legal battle to voice out the demands of Aboriginal populations. The intense and successful political tussle lasting for five decades transformed into above-board configuration where astronomically priced law experts and Barristers fought mercy on the part of Aboriginal people. Together, these people fought to retain their ancestral land, which the British colonisers typified to their own sovereignty. Even today, the struggle continues. All manner disadvantages falls on the Aboriginal people as they struggle to retain the forgone justice. The struggle for liberation among Aboriginal population started in 1930 and continued to 1980s. They had formed a political movement aimed at reclaiming their land. All this time, Aboriginal Court cases dominated Australian Courts. Consequently, in 1993, there came a parliamentary legislation, Native Title Act, which brought equality in Australian legal system. In fact, most inhabit ants in Australia including indigenous ones illiterate in law, now have an idea on the Mabo decision as a product of the Native Title Act of 1993. The Act brought some light on legal matters and most importantly, the Aboriginal people received justice though the liberation continues. (Berndt, 1992, pp. 12-48). Native Title Under Australian law, a Native Title is a legal documentation, which provides Australian indigenous persons certain privileges and interests. In most cases, the Native Title provides policies that see people own and use land according to their traditional practices, that is, societal customs and laws. Additionally, the Title recognises and awards legal land interests to indigenous Australian citizens having survived and acquired accreditation from Queen Victoria in 1901.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under normal instances, Native Title resembles non-Indigenous property rights that allow people classified as indigenous, to exercise native rights on their traditional land. Apparently, the system allows land fragmentation at the expense of indigenous groups. Sometimes, the Native Title and non-indigenous laws behaves like two-tier systems, which recognises single national, geographical and jurisdictional environment in the application of Australian law. Thus, the Native Title is a customary law recognised by all Australians as customary Aboriginal law. In order to be effective, indigenous people’s rights and interests must depend on traditional customs and laws whose foundation rests on the group’s collective responsibility. The Native Title submits to individual or collective rights. Since 1992, Australian law identifies all interests and rights held by indigenous population. In particular, the Native Title became a custom will and at the same time, traditional law in order to bring equality and justice before the law. There are numerous rights, privileges and civil liberties gained because of enacting the native title into Australian law. Previously, these privileges consummating into rights did not exist. However, the native title awakened the dissemination of various time-honoured laws and customs, brought forth an idea of guarding and touring specific sceneries, ensured equality to all on the side of owning land, allowed accessibility to restricted areas so that, people can exploit traditional ritual and ceremonies. The Title gave all Australian citizens the right to own and occupy land albeit controlled places. (Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 12-21). Mabo versus Queensland (1992) In 1990s, the Australian parliament made a move to negotiate a treaty with indigenous people who had suffered because of terra nullius. Although indigenous people in Australia did not have a representative in parliament, the feasibility of the matter said a l ot. The realignment of indigenous population in Australia preconditioned equality, which many Australian viewed as a political dispensation between people hence, social cohesion in Australia. Indeed, the influx of the Native Title in 1990 marked a step towards Australian legal equality. In the High Court of Australia, Mabo case challenged Australian authority whether; all-inclusive negotiations were paramount in overthrowing terra nullius in order to embrace indigenous governance recognised under Australian law. Most importantly, comprehensive negotiations had reached a sorry state both in practice and in principle. Verily, the Mabo case exuded legal injunctions other than property ownership in Australia. This is because; the Aboriginal population as an indigenous group, exercised an excellent internal jurisdiction, which defined individual rights and freedoms. Furthermore, the Native Title recognised any group that had internal traditional laws and customs jurisdiction. Such a grou p had the right to enter biding with the government over its indigenous resources and territory. (Jupp Nieuwenhuysen, 2007 p. 65). The Genesis of Equality in Australian Law In 1992, Australia entered a new era where equality dooms. In particular, the High Court of Australia brought some light in Australian law. The Meriam people had gone to court in order to secure rights of owning land in the Islands of Torres Strait. Luckily, the common law in Australia recognised such cases to receive hearing under the Native Title, which composed of traditional laws and customs. As a result, the Aboriginals lost land, language and left homeless. Interestingly, the federal government of Australia continued these policies, which undermined Aboriginal people. In the event, the High Court discarded the British impression of terra nullius (a situation where land does not belong to anybody). This notion had created inequality in large scale as the Australian citizenry except indigenous populace owned land. Therefore, the outcome of Mabo case gave individuals, righty to own property. Basing its argument on Native Title, the High Court declared that, individuals or communities could own land according to traditional laws and customs. This was to happen irrespective of inequitable laws created by Crown. Additionally, the High Court declared that, individuals and communities had the right to not only access and use land, but also possess it legally. (Department of Foreign Affairs, 2010, Para. 4-11). The law did bring equality replacing past injustices in Australian law. For example, the Mabo case highlighted two themes. The first one is, colonial boundaries preventing people from owning land, were a perjury to Aboriginal people. Secondly, terra nullius being a colonial sentiment is itself inequality and its abolition meant equality and new principals guiding land ownership in Australia. The law brought justice in land ownership. The federal government’s land tenure system to the aboriginal people seemed part of segregation. However, the advent of native title ensured the aboriginal people own land in Australia. Colonial masters and hence the federal government, caused material injury to Aboriginal people. In addition, they lost traditional rights, language and forced out of land. The law brought equality in that, like other Australian citizens, the Court ruled on their side to receive traditional rights. Moreover, in terms of economic gains, the Aboriginal people like indigenous Australians, participated in income generating activities like mining and doing business. On the other hand, the federal government sent money to remote areas to undertake communal projects. In the past, racism, social amenities, education, employment and housing were invisible truths among Aboriginal people. The law brought equality through mainstreaming where; the federal government adhered to Aboriginal policy and completed various programs for the benefit of the Aboriginal people. Socio-economically, the Aboriginals are almost at the same level with other indigenous Australians. Equality in the Context of Native Title The Native Title did bring equality in Australian legal equality. The fundamental rights and interests gained from the Native Title root from traditional laws and customs initially, destroyed by British sovereignty. In addition, Native Title rights do not resemble government rights like Aboriginal Land Rights Act of 1976 (Northern Territory), or any other statutory land rights. Nonetheless, the Native Title rights extend its rights and interests even to water bodies, a scenario not exhibited under government laws. By this, the Native Title establishes just land acquisition in tandem with traditional laws and customs. The parliamentary legislation of 1993, Native Title Act, reaffirmed the recognition of native title, as the foundation of egalitarianism and justice. Native Title applies heavily in the legal system of Australia to promote e quality. For example, customary law recognises traditional laws and customs, which sire rights and interests of certain indigenous Australians. Additionally, the Native Title ensures that, communities and individuals own access land and water notwithstanding, traditional laws and customs. The fact that, the legal system in Australia recognises native title under customary law is a step towards equality and justice before law. This means, individuals or communities denied land either from dubious operations like terra nullius; can contest in a court of law to secure such rights. As a calculated move towards equality, it is the Native Title Act, which determines the groups or communities to receive rights and interests. Nevertheless, this must be in a case where, the native title holds. Additionally, the Act provides a policy framework on how Australian law deals with future activities flout with the native title. In a situation where the law finds native title prejudiced, compensatio n follows immediately. In essence, the native title brings equality in Australian law through fair hearings and compensations if any. (Stephenson Ratnapala, 1993, pp. 13-58). Unlike Australian law, the native title bestows native title rights and interests to indigenous Australians or any person or group that had made claim in a court of law. Grippingly, rather than authoritarianism, the native title allows consultation between all stakeholders in order to have a common solution to a certain problem. For example, through the native title and Australian law, indigenous Australians have effectively negotiated communal land benefits according to their traditional customs and laws. Moreover, the once segregated indigenous population can now access opportunities like employment and birthright fortification, courtesy of the native title. Previously, the government did not recognise land bodies and title certificated held by indigenous people. Consequently, the Native Title Act required pr ofessional land bodies whose main role will be, to ensure equality to all claimants. Overall, some clauses in the native title gave power to the Native Title Tribunal, native title representative bodies and the Australian Federal Court to solve all contentious issues arising from the native title. (Bachelard, 1997. pp. 8-34). Many at times, the government receives blame for its laxity in educating people to understand the Native Title Act. Majority of Australians seem not to understand what Native Title Act means to them. There might be some Australians having land issues but do not know how to solve them yet, the Act allows mutual discussions leading to an amicable solution. Nevertheless, for those who have gained familiarity of the Native Title Act, land interests and reparations are not serious issues to trouble. Even as Australians become acquainted with the provisions of the Native Title Act, it is now clear that, more volunteer Indigenous Land Use Agreements will take preceden t and create a consensual fortitude of dealing with issues arising from native title so that, equality prevails in Australian law. (Yunupingu, 1997, pp. 54- 73). Conclusion Traditional laws and customs were the contentious issue leading to the Mabo case (No.2). These laws and customs formed an Aboriginal perspective different from the normal jurisprudential Australian law concepts. According to Aboriginals, Australian law had to incorporate traditional values, practices, beliefs and rules in form of an ‘aboriginal culture’. The British colonisers brought a lie called terra nullius, which led to erosion of ‘aboriginal culture’. For over two hundred years (1788-1992), the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders owned nothing and lost rights to possess. Captivatingly, since then, Australians lost understanding on traditional laws and customs, which were paramount among indigenous Australian population. In the wake of realisation, indigenous Australians d ecided to fight for their rights and interests. Originally, Australian was a judge-made common law nation; law concept left by British colonisers. Nevertheless, after years of political movement and legal battling, terra nullius laws became invalid. On the other hand, the Native Title Act of 1993 by Australian parliament brought justice and equality to all Australians. Today, million of Australians own property and access rights to acquire, use and occupy land. This is so because; the native title brought equality into Australian common law. References Bachelard, M., 1997.The Great Land Grab: What every Australian should know  about Wik, Mabo and the Ten-point Plan. Melbourne: Hyland House Books. Berndt, M., 1992. The World of the First Australians, Aboriginal Traditional Life:  Past and Present. 5th Ed. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Bird, G., 1988. The Process of Law in Australia: Intercultural Perspective’s. London: Butterworth Publishers. Department of Foreign Af fairs and Trade, 2010. Indigenous land rights and native title. Web. Fry, T., 1947. Land Tenures in Australian Law. 3 Res Judicatae, 156-168. Gary, F., 1997. Native Title is not Land Rights. Web. Jupp, J. Nieuwenhuysen, E., 2007. Social Cohesion in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. National Native Title Tribunal., 2010. History of Native Title. Web. Stephenson, M. Ratnapala S., 1993. Mabo: A Judicial Revolution. Aboriginal  Land Rights Decision and its impact on Australian Law. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. Yunupingu, G., 1997. Our Land is Our Life: Land Rights – Past, Present and Future.  Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.

MEDIA PLAY IN SHAPING PUBLIC DEBATE ABOUT CURRENT ISSUES (WRITE A Essay

MEDIA PLAY IN SHAPING PUBLIC DEBATE ABOUT CURRENT ISSUES (WRITE A PAPER BASED ON BOOK) - Essay Example ributing to and reflecting public sentiments about immigration in the United States, largely because of how it frames arguments around the latter (Fryberg et al. 3) and people’s selective media consumption (de Zà ºÃƒ ±iga, Correa, and Valenzuela 599). Framing pertains to â€Å"the way that an argument is packaged†¦ so as to make accessible and encourage a particular interpretation of a given issue† (Fryberg et al. 3). The media has a significant role in affecting the public debate of immigration through its framing and slanting of news about it, although political ideology, exposure to different sources of news, and geographic location affects the framing perspective and public sentiments on immigration also. The media affects current immigration issues through its different ways of controlling information, as it builds and contributes to the formation of civil society through the informatization of the world. In reality, numerous news and media content compete for media coverage, and immigration is only one of many possible everyday topics. The media has the power to decide which topics to cover, how it can cover it, and how many times it can cover it, although their coverage also depends on what the public wants or what politicians what to talk about in the news (Fryberg et al. 3; Hayes 1). Some scholars have already noted that the media has become powerful in shaping civil society through influencing the availability of and access to different content of news and information. In Social History of the Media Asa Briggs and Peter Burke describe the rise of the information age, which evolved from the printing press to the radios and television to the electronic and digital media. They not e the informatization of civil society, as people in power and related to them understand that â€Å"[c]ontrol of information†¦would be the essence of wealth and power in the future† (Briggs and Burke 232). Whoever holds sources of data of whatever form has the power to sway the