Work life balance “Don’t be fired by your family” Essay Example for Free

Work life balance Dont be fired by your family Essay shell practice has shown that both employees and employers can benefit when staff are able to adapt flexible body of work practices thereby enabling them to better manage their work and family responsibilities (UQ, 2007, p. 1). In the end result this could increase employees productivity. Supervisors have an important section in developing and maintaining a family-friendly work environment (UQ, 2007, p. 1).A supervisor could divine service creating this environment by flexibly organizing work arrangements and workloads taking into consideration certain factors such as night lecturing, summer schools, acting as a role model demonstrating understanding and acceptance of work family balance, and shell out a positive approach to negotiating flexible arrangements (UQ, 2007, p. 1-2). 3. 2 Teleworking is good for business and employees Teleworking is other practice resulted in improving productivity.According to Business Legal Reports (2006), teleworking has some benefits such as relocation cost savings, increased productivity by reducing employees absentee, reduced costs for office space, and employee satisfaction (p. 7). So, when supervisors consider benefiting from telework, they wont only set aside an im turn out work-life balance for the employee, but similarly they willing get improved business per contour lineance for the employer. 3. 3 Other best practices 3. 3. 1 Concern for employee community (Employee Care Program and Employee Relations Program).This practice proved that it could reduce employees turnover. This kind of program monitors how people are doing in their jobs and in their lives, offers rewards, gifts, annual picnic and holiday, flexible scheduling and telecommuting, and medical coverage. 3. 3. 2 Encourage employees to take their vacations This practice is important to enable employees to relax enough to avoid stress, anxiety, emotional problems, job burnout in order to let employ ees perform at their optimum level. 3. 3. 3 Consumer-driven health care Textron, Inc is an example company that adopted this practice.The company consolidated employee healthcare options and shifted to consumer-driven healthcare. This resulted in increased productivity, a significant decline in healthcare costs, and decrease in the casual absentee rates and the incidence of disability leave. (Business Legal Reports, 2007b, p. 3) 2. Conducting Performance appraisals Monitoring staff performance is a key for any supervisor. It should be part of on-going discussions with staff and volunteers about their work and the results obtained. (Mathew, M. , 2007)According to Hays, S. W.(2004), an immense amount of energy has recently been devoted to upgrading the quality of performance appraisals by tying them to organizational missions and goals. (p. 262) 2. 1 Best practices for evaluation? According to Hays, S. W. (2004), best practices concerning evaluation showed that HR experts agree that evaluations ought to (a) be based on objective and observable criteria, (b) involve uncouth goal setting, (c) avoid the tendency to assess irrelevant worker traits, and (d) be tailored to each individual job and worker (rather than using single form for every employee). 4. 2 360-Degree performance management feedback system According to Business Legal Reports (2006), this system, which solicits feedback from boss, peers and direct reports if there are any, has been increasingly embraced as the best of totally available methods for collecting performance feedback. (p. 4) The 360 process allows for multiple points of view to be given on any given individual. It neutralizes what might otherwise be superstar raters bias (either positive or negative) and helps to paint a more comprehensive picture of that individuals performance. (p. 4) 4.3 Other best practices Hays, S. W. (2004) also mentioned other best practices in transmiting performance appraisals such as Employee Perfo rmance care System (EPMS), 360-degree evaluation, Team-based evaluations, and Gainsharing. (p. 262) 5 Resolving Conflict According to Vogel, A. (2007), unproductive oeuvre conflict arises when appropriate communication breaks down. The result is wasted work time a drop in motivation, productivity and quality of service employee attrition privation of authority a stressful work environment and even direct damage to the company. 5. 1 The best approach to avoid The best approach to workplace conflict is to avoid unproductive quarreling altogether. And suggested four strategies mentioned by Daniel Dana- for eliminating strife (1) address conflict early, (2) avoid a one-sided solution, (3) take risks such as apologizing, (4) compliance others peace-making gestures. (Vogel, A. , 2007) 5. 2 Guidelines for managing the situation.Vogel, A, (2007) mentioned some guidelines to help managing scuffles before they escalate into real crisis such as mediating conflict between two employees, decide to mediate, hold preliminary meetings, conduct a three-way meeting, work out a deal, self-mediation, step outside your office, listen first, and finally manage diverging viewpoints. 6 Improving Employee Relations 6. 1 Create a newsletter One practice to improve employee relations is to create a newsletter that works for employee communications either a printed one or an electronic one (by e-mail or on the website).6. 2 Build a forum on your website or intranet This forum will provide an informal communication channel for employees to share their ideas, events or even their problems 6. 3 Create shared events Being a supervisor you could make some events shared even if you turn the routine group tasks into fun shared events. For example CMP Technology made the spring-cleaning records become an event. Employees worked together in teams and competed to win a dinner for the team and discarded 12 tons of unnecessary paper in the process. (Business Legal Reports, 2007a2) III. Co nclusion.The main conclusion is that best practices can -for sure- help supervisors and sharpen the way they deal with their responsibilities with employees by adopting approaches, techniques, and policies to create a positive, creative, and supportive work environment. Another conclusion is that information technology has an important role in providing powerful HR practices. Finally, supervisors should be a model themselves for their employees in order to make a real change.References Bjomberg, L. (2002). Training and development Best practices. Public Personnel Management. wintertime 2002.International Public Management Association for Human Resources Survey. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/article/160542388_1. html Business Legal Reports, Inc. (2006). Top 10 Best Practices in HR Management for 2008. united States of America Business Legal Reports, Inc. Business Legal Reports (2007a1). 10 Tips for HR to Boost Intranet Efficiency. Bes t Practices in HR. (838), pp. 1-2 Business Legal Reports (2007a2). Bin There, Dump That-Spring cleanup spot Recors Becomes Event at CMP Technology. Best Practices in HR. (838), pp. 3 Business Legal Reports (2007b).Case study Move to consumer-driven healthcare decreases costs, improves employee health. Best Practices in Compensation Benefits. (734), pp. 3 Collins, R. Druten, K. V. (2003). Survey of Australian and New Zealand Human Resource Practices, CCH and AGSM. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//www2. agsm. edu. au/agsm/web. nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/CCHREPORT2003/$FILE/CCH+Final+2003. pdf Hays, S. W. (2004). Trends and Best Practices in State and Local Human Resource Management Lessons to be learned?Review of Public Administration, 24(3), pp. 256-275, SAGE Publications. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//rop.sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/256 Mathew, M. (2007). Best Practices Module Human resources management. British Columbia Museum Association.Retrieved April 16, 20 08 from http//www. museumsassn. bc. ca/Images/Best%20Practices%20Modules%202/Human%20Resource%20Management%20FINAL. pdf Orsini, B. (2000). Improving Internal Communications. Internal Auditor. December 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_6_57/ai_69759744/pg_1 Rubin, L. Merripen, C. (2003). IGDA Business Committee Best practices in Human Resources. IGDA. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from.

A detailed account of the Black Tuesday events Essay Example for Free

A detailed account of the Black Tuesday events Essay headway 1Black Tuesday refers to a day in Bahamian history, April 27, 1965. The then-Opposition Leader and former Prime Minister of the Bahamas Sir Lynden Pindling threw the Speakers Mace out of the House of Assembly windowpane in protest against the unfair gerrymandering of constituency boundaries by the then ruling United Bahamian Party (UBP) government. Thursday the 16th day of April, 1965, around 3 oclock in the afternoon, the draft revise providing for the new constituency boundaries under section 63 of the 1964 constitution was in session in the house of assembly. In the tame was Dr. Raymond .W. Sawyer, the Deputy Speaker on the floor was Sir milo Butler, the member for the Western District. Sir milo Butler shouted out in range at The chair This Constituency Commission had done wicked things in cutting up New Providence and the Out Islands in a damnable way in order to give themselves the Minority Government a distinc t advantage in the next General Elections Sir Milo continued talking without ending.See more honest-to-god Age Problem essayOnly a little bit of grain of sand was in the describe instant glass, the Chairman turned to Sir Milo and said, I am very sorry but the members time has run out, Sir Milo replied Its very kind of you to incite me, but I intend to talk on. I aint going to let any grain of sand stop me from talking. Dont throw sand in my mouth just yet I aint dead yet. The Deputy Speaker noticed that Sir Milo Butler reached further than he should, suspended the proceedings and reported this incident to the Speaker, The Hon. Robert (Bobby) Symonette. The Speaker, having been informed, turned to Sir Milo Butler and asked him to be seated. The peoples champion see the language of parliament. I am not addressing my chair. I am addressing this House, he replied. Due to his disobedience Milo Butler was named under rule 37, It was then performance seconded to Hon. Geoffrey A.D Joh nston and it was passed. The Speaker turned, to Milo and asked him to please withdraw.He acted out and didnt want to withdraw. He continuously pound his objurgate fist on the table, scattered paper and said, If I leave Mr. Speaker you are going to have to take me out. That was his last refusal. It took four police-sergeants to physically remove Sir Milo from The House of Assembly. briefly after that, A.D. Hanna spoke over his time limit and he also refused to stop speaking and was carried out by two police men, But Mr. A.D. Hanna valued equal rights he wanted four police men to carry him out as welltherefore two more carried him out. Tuesday, 27 of April a week later the House of Assembly met again which was the reply to the April 16th meeting. In the Speakers elevated chair was the Honorable Robert .H. Symonette and on his right was his father, the Premier, Sir Roland .T. Symonette. On the Speakers left was the Leader of the Opposition, Sir Lynden .O. Pindling and members of th e P.L.P further down.The P.L.P wasnt so different from Sir. Milo Butler, they opened windows when the room was air-conditioned they stamped their feets and get under ones skin on tables ranted and rave in one gesture against the draft constituency order. Sir Lynden Pindling lifted the ancient mace from the Speakers desk and said This mace is the symbol of power, and the authority for the islands belongs to the people, and the people are outside of this House and so this mace belongs outside too. Sir Pindling threw the mace through the window while Sir Milo butler threw the two quarter hour glasses out of the same window. The P.L.P all stormed out of The House of Assembly, where they were welcomed by a crowed of their followers on Bay Street. It brought a halt for an hour or so, however after the mace was replace. The U.B.Ps had power laboured long and hard and finally passed the Draft Constituency Order into Law nevertheless the ordained oppositions absence.

Clarifying the basic principles of freuds theories

Clarifying the rudimentary precepts of freuds theoriesit is important to be clear about the meanings of certain terms that you whitethorn seeded player across and by dint ofout the handout you will find footnotes clarifying certain terms. Firstly though, a word about the terms psycho analysis and psychodynamics. Psychoanalysis refers to both Freuds original attempt at providing a comprehensive theory of the mind and also to the associated treatment. The term encompasses both Freudian theory and therapy. You will also buzz off across the term psychodynamics. This term is used to denote the approach which began with psychoanalysis but which has now broadened into a much more than diverse collection of theories and models develop by other psychologists, all of which nevertheless retain near of the main ideas of Freuds original theory.Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia, which was then split up of the Austrian imperium and is now in the Czech Republic. He spent most of his life in Vienna, from where he fled, in 1937, when the Nazis invaded. Neither Freud (being Jewish) or his theories were very popular with the Nazis and he escaped to London where he died in 1939.He had wanted to be a research scientist but anti-Semitism forced him to choose a health check c beer instead and he worked in Vienna as a doctor, specialising in neurological disorders (disorders of the nervous corpse). He eonianly revised and modified his theories cover up until his death but much of his psychoanalytic theory was produced between 1900 and 1930.Freud originally attempted to explain the workings of the mind in terms of physiology and neurology (but) quite early on in his treatment of patients with neurological disorders, Freud realised that symptoms which had no organic or bodily basis could imitate the real topic and that they were as real for the patient as if they had been neurologically caused. So he began to search for psychological explanations of these symptoms and ways of treating them.In 1885 he spent a year in Paris learning hypnosis from the neurologist Charcot he then started using hypnosis with his patients in Vienna. However, he found its effects to be only temporary at outstrip and it did not usually get to the root of the problem nor was everybody capable of being hypnotised. Meanwhile Breuer, another Viennese doctor, was developing another method of therapy which he called the purgative method, where patients would talk out their problems. Freud adopted Breuers method and called it free association which became one of the three fundamental tools of psychoanalysis.Freud began his self-analysis during the 1890s and in 1900 published The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he outlined his theory of the mind, followed by The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904), A Case of Hysteria and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). dickens of Freuds closest colleagues, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, helped him form the psychoanalyti c movement and the first International psychoanalytic Congress was held in Salzburg in 1908. The Journal of Psychoanalysis was first published in 1909 and, in that year, Freud and Jung made a lecture tour of the USA. (From Gross, R (1996) Psychology, The Science of Mind and Behaviour, page 508)1.8.2 FREUDS STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITYFreud comp ard the human personality to an iceberg. The small part that shows above the surface of the water represents conscious experience the much larger mass below the water level represents the unconscious a storehouse of impulses, passions, and roadless memories that affect our thoughts and behaviour. It is this portion of the mind that Freud sought to explore with the use of free association.Freud also believed that personality was composed of three major systems the id, the ego and the superego. Each system has its own functions but the three interact to govern behaviour.(a)The idThe id is the most primitive part of the personality and the first to develop. It is present in the newborn infant. It is located in the unconscious and it is from the id that the ego and the superego later develop.The id consists of the basic biological impulses (or drives) the need to eat, drink, eliminate wastes, avoid pain and gain sexual pleasure. Freud also believed that aggression was a basic biological drive.The id seeks immediate gratification of these impulses. Like a young child, the id operates on the pleasure principle it endeavours to avoid pain and obtain pleasure regardless of the outdoor(a) circumstances.(b)The egoAs the child develops it learns that their impulses cannot always be immediately gratified. Some must be delayed (for example, hunger must wait until someone provides food) and some (for example, hitting someone) may be punished.A new part of the personality, the ego, develops as the young child learns to consider the demands of reality. The ego constitutes our conscious self and obeys the reality principle It is esse ntially the part of personality that decides what actions are appropriate and which id impulses will be satisfied in what manner. The ego mediates among the demands of the id, the realities of the world and the demands of the superego.(c)The superegoThe superego, is the internalised representation of the values and morals of familiarity as taught to the child by the parents and others. It is essentially the individuals conscience. The superego decides whether an action is right or wrong. Initially, parents control a childs behaviour directly by reward and punishment. Through the incorporation of parental standards into the superego, behaviour is brought under self-control. The superego develops in response to parental rewards and punishments.In summary, the id seeks pleasure, the ego tests reality and mediates, the superego constrains and strives for perfection. Not surprisingly, the three components of personality are in constant conflict the ego postpones the gratification the i d wants immediately and the superego battles with both because behaviour often falls short of the moral code it represents.1.8.3MANAGING THE CONFLICTIn order to wield with this conflict, the ego develops a series of defence mechanisms which allow it to protect itself from the pressures of the id, the real world and the superego. Examples areRepression burying a memory so thoroughly that it is not recalled at all it never happened.Projection attributing own unwanted bad feelings or ideas to another person.Rationalisation making up a reasonable rationalize for unacceptable behaviour and really believing it.Suppression for get a shocking event on purpose (consciously in this case) putting it out of ones mind.Denial refusing to make love something because it is so distressing.Displacement transferring feelings from one person or object to another.Identification imitating someone who is admired and modelling oneself on them.Reaction-Formation consciously substituting the oppo site feeling for true feelings about someone/something.Freud believed that conflict is inevitable and all behaviour is a compromise. Conflict is the primary cause of human anxiety and unhappiness. Defence mechanisms are one way we have of dealing with our inner conflict neurotic symptoms and dreaming are the other major forms of compromise.1.8.4THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITYFreud believed that the individual, during the first cinque years of life, progresses through several developmental stages that affect personality. Applying a broad definition of sexuality, he called these periods psychosexual stages. During each stage, the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id focus on, and derive pleasure from, a particular area of the body and on activities connected with that area.Freud called the first year of life the oral stage of psychosexual development. During this period, infants derive pleasure from nursing and drink in fact, they will put anything they can reach into their mouth.Dur ing the second year of life, the anal stage, as children have their first experience with imposed control in the form of their toilet training.In the phallic stage, from about age 3 to age 6, children focus on their genitals. They observe the differences between males and females and may direct their waken sexual impulses toward the parent of the opposite sex. It is at this stage that children have to resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes.A latency period follows the end of the phallic stage, during which children become less concern with their bodies and turn their attention to the skills needed for coping with the environment.The last stage, the genital stage, occurs during adolescence, during which young people begin to turn their sexual interests toward others and to love in a more mature way.Freud felt up that special problems at any stage could arrest (or fixate) development and have a lasting effect on the individuals personality. The libido would remain tie to the ac tivities appropriate for that stage. Thus a person who was weaned very early and did not have enough sucking pleasure might become fixated at the oral stage. As an adult, this person may be excessively dependent on others and overly fond of such oral pleasures as eating, drinking and smoking. much(prenominal) a person is called an oral personality. The person fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development may be abnormally concerned with cleanliness, orderliness, and saving.1.8.5MODIFICATIONS OF FREUDS THEORIESLater psychoanalysts felt that Freud placed too much idiom on the instinctive and biological aspects of personality and failed to recognise that people are products of the society in which they live. The neo-Freudians including Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Carl Jung and Harry down Sullivan, considered personality to be cause more by the people, society, and culture surrounding the individual than by biological needs. They placed less emphasis on the com pulsive tycoon of the unconscious, believing that people are more rational in their planing and decisions than Freud thought.1.8.6PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPYThe aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to bring about a fundamental kind in the patients personality so that he is released from his neurotic disorders. Freud believed that neurosis was caused by the repression of disturbing feelings and emotions associated with conflicts established in early childhood. These conflicts result from the impulses of the id or the strictures of an over demanding superego. He assumed that the patients ego was too weak to cope with such conflicts and defended itself by repressing them into the unconscious. However, conflicts do not go away they find expression through the symptoms and neurotic behaviour of the patients. The aims of psychoanalysis are to remove the infantile conflict from the unconscious and help the patient deal with it at a conscious level.Psychoanalytic therapy normally has two stages1.t he release of repression, thereby allowing the conflict to enter consciousness, and,2.the redirection of the emotional energy (libido) associated with the repression thereby allowing the patients ego to gain control of the conflict.Freud developed various techniques for getting round the controlling forces of the defence mechanisms to reveal the unconscious worldly which is trying to gain expression. One of the original methods employed by Freud was hypnosis, but as has already been mentioned, he found this technique unsatisfactory and soon began using free association. Later Carl Jung, one of Freuds students developed a similar technique known as word association , and both methods are still widely used in present-day psychoanalysis.Another technique for getting at unconscious material is the interpretation of dreams . Another route into the unconscious is via the errors of everyday life, so-called Freudian slips.Present day psychoanalysts also regard certain physiological cues su ch as posture, blushing or pallor and changes in the timbre of the patients voice as important expressions of unconscious motives and feelings.1.8.7AN EVALUATION OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHPsychoanalytic theory has had an long impact on psychological and philosophical conceptions of human nature. Freuds major contributions are his recognition that unconscious needs and conflicts motivate much of out behaviour and his emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development. His emphasis on sexual factors led to an awareness of their role in adjustment problems. save Freud made his observations during the Victorian period when sexual standards were very strict so it is understandable that many of his patients conflicts centred on their sexual desires. Today, feelings of guilt about sex are much less frequent, yet the incidence of mental illness remains about the same. Sexual conflicts are not the only cause of personality disturbances and may not eve n be a major cause.Some critics also point out that Freuds theory of personality is based almost entirely on his observations of emotionally disturbed patients and may not be an appropriate of the normal, healthy personality. In addition, many of Freuds ideas were decidedly sexist. For example, his theory that female psychosexual development is shaped by penis envy and feelings of unworthiness due to the lack of such equipment is certainly inadequate in view of our current awareness of the role that genial factors play in gender identification. It was probably not her brothers penis that a little girl during the Victorian era envied but his greater independence power and social status.Although psychoanalysis has exerted a powerful influence on our thinking about human nature, it has been seriously questioned as a scientific theory.Freuds constructs are equivocal and difficult to define. He does not specify, for example, what behaviours indicate that a child is fixated at the anal s tage of psychosexual development and what behaviours indicate that he or she is not fixated. For any body of theory to be accepted as a valid scientific perspective, its consequences must be statable. The hypothesis that fixation at the anal stage can lead to stinginess (or to the opposite, generosity) is evidently not refutable whatever the outcome, the theory can account for it. To that extent the psychoanalytic approach fails to meet the criteria of a scientific theory.Because some important aspects of psychoanalytic theory cannot be proven experimentally, some psychologists claim that it has no value either as psychology or as science (Eysenck 1972). However, many others claim that experimental validity is an inappropriate yardstick for evaluating psychodynamic theory and that the theory is verified in practice in the analyst-patient interview.

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence Analysis

Howard Gardners Theory of Intelligence AnalysisSophia AshrafIndividual Differences EssayDescribe and evaluate the public utility company of Howard Gardners scheme of tidings?Intelligence is a bluely significant and contested area within psychology. It is an elusive, multi-faceted ability that has close connections with Cognitive Psychology. It is characterised by inter-individual variability and is measured using information tests. Some definitions of countersign include the ability to light up problems, retain information and the possession of numerous skills and talents. Howard Gardner, the founder of sevenfold watchword surmisal defines wisdom as a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture (Gross, 2010 645). This definition implies intelligence is a social construction as its definition lies upon the value of a society (Mahoney, 2011).Howard Gardner wa s born in Pennsylvania in 1943. He has completed studies in neuropsychology and developmental psychology at Harvard University, where he is soon a professor in Cognition and Education. He is as well as a senior director of the human cognition look group named Harvard Project home in, and has publish several books including Frames of Minds (1953) and The Art and Science of Changing our feature and different Peoples Minds (2004). Gardner was influenced by psychologist Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget. His theory draws on his knowledge and findings from evolutionary biology, anthropology, developmental/cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and psychometrics (Garnett, 2005 Maltby et al, 2010). This essay will describe and evaluate the usefulness of Howard Gardners theory of ternary intelligences in the contemporary world.Howard Gardner asserts intelligence is not fixed at birth. It develops through experience and delaying. Each soulfulness is born wi th a wide variety of capabilities that reside in separate sections of the sensation. In theory, this fashion that brain damage in one area will leave other cognitive functions intact. Consequently, intelligence is a computer that works more or less well. Gardner worked as an investigator at the Boston University Aphasia Research Centre. He was interested in human faculties under conditions of brain damage and studied children and brain damaged adults. He examined for behaviours which developed at similar ages, were similarly affected by damage to a particular part of the brain and behaviours that interfered with one other when performing deuce tasks simultaneously (Cooper, 2002 Gardner, 1999).In regards to intelligence, Gardner acknowledges nature providing us with savants and prodigies. One such rare case study is that of a savant called Leslie Lemke, who was born dodge and suffered from both mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Despite his illness, he showed incredible skil ls in playing the piano. At the age of 18, he could listen to a frame of classical piano music and play it back flawlessly. This evidences Howard Gardners views that our intelligences are independent as people with signs of brain damage can have extraordinary profiles of intelligence despite their mental illness (Gregory, 2011)Howard Gardner takes a multidimensional approach to intelligence. He identifies nine distinct faculties. The first two are distinguishable from exemplification IQ tests. These are linguistic and logical- mathematical intelligence. Gardners theory incorporates an additional five which are spatial, melodic, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. After 1996, he added a further two intelligences to his theory. These comprise of naturalist and existentialist intelligence. Firstly, linguistic intelligence is displaying ability in speaking, writing, listening and exacting. This intelligence is crucial for us to make horse sense of the world and learn new languages. Lawyers, writers, poets and teachers all have high linguistic intelligence. Students with high linguistic intelligence learn best by reading, listening to lectures and taking notes. Secondly, logical-mathematical intelligence is associated with high reasoning capabilities and the skill to carry out complex calculations. Mathematicians, economists and doctors all possess high logical-mathematical intelligence. It is claimed that the western education system is heavily biased in Gardners first two intelligences. This means that only students who excel in these subjects will benefit. Moreover, it should be noted that schools now incorporate design technology subjects into their curriculum to add for students needs (Gardner, 1999 Garnett, 2005 Maltby, 2012).Gardners next three intelligences are compatible with the arts. The first is musical comedy intelligence which withal entails aspects of linguistic intelligence. Musicians, singers and composers hav e high musical intelligence as they display great sensitivity to sounds and rhythms. The second faculty linked with the arts is bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence, which involves the use of bodily-movements and physiology to solve problems. These people learn best by adopting a hands-on approach. Strong bodily-kinaesthetic individuals might use muscle memory as an aid to learning. Careers fit to this intelligence include dancers, athletics, mechanics and builders. The third intelligence agree with the arts is spatial intelligence which is the awareness, recognition and manipulation of space. Navigators, artists, surgeons and chess players all have high spatial intelligence. These people have a good sense of direction and hand eye coordination (ibid).Gardners siseth faculty is interpersonal intelligence which involves interaction with others, understanding their intentions and motivations and being able to communicate and work in effect as part of a group. Careers linked with this i ntelligence involve teachers, politicians and social workers. Mahatma Gandhi famously stressed the importance of understanding others. Alternatively, Gardners seventh intelligence which is intrapersonal intelligence is to do with self-reflective capacities. This faculty closely mirrors Daniel Golemans Emotional Intelligence theory as it places emphasis on understanding our emotions, goals and motivations in order to solve problems. Careers suited to this intelligence include philosophers and psychologists. Gardners eighth ability is naturalist intelligence which incorporates displaying sensitivity to the natural world. Careers linked with this ability include farmers, environmentalists and scientists. Charles Darwin, a prominent person declared himself as a born naturalist (Gardner, 199948). Lastly, Gardners ninth intelligence which is known as existentialist intelligence involves displaying concern with ultimate issues in life such as the meaning of life and death plus the fate of both physical and psychological worlds (Gardner, 1999 Garnett, 2005 Maltby, 2012).Gardners multiple intelligence theory is based on two fundamental principles. Firstly, intelligences exist as independent entities that may also require collaboration in order to achieve a task. For example, singing and dancing together entails the amalgamation of both musical and bodily-kinaesthetic faculties. Secondly, Gardner states every individual is unique in their levels of ability. There may be two individuals with musical talent but only one can sing whilst, the other is skilful in playing a musical instrument. This proves intelligence is not the very(prenominal) in any two individuals, not even monozygotic twins who share 100% genetic similarity. This proves, we are all intelligent but in different ways as Gardner claims We are not all the same we do not all have the same kinds of minds and education works just about effectively if these differences are taken into account rather than denied or ignored (Gardner, 1999 91). Gardner asserts intelligence cannot be measured via IQ test. He proposes the need for empirical observations such as observing a music class and argues this would provide a more valid and detailed picture of musical intelligence (Conti, 2008 Gross, 2010).Gardners theory has practicalities within educational institutions. This includes primary, secondary, college and university level. His theory makes an invaluable contribution to the education system. It is egalitarian as it takes into account the entire human cognition. Armstrong (2009) cited in Ghamrawi, 2014) argues the theory is productive since it provides multiple approaches to learning which allows teachers to be imaginative as they can draw on a repertoire of activities within the classroom. Therefore, it is beneficial as it will account for students advantageous learning styles such as auditory, visual and kinaesthetic. For instance, teachers can integrate linguistic intelligence by do pupi ls write a story or read poetry. Similarly, teachers can embrace logical-mathematical intelligence by making students solve puzzles and crosswords. Overall, numerous schools have structured their curriculum towards Gardners faculties which signals the value of his theory (Gardner, 1999 Garnett, 2005 Malim and Birch, 1998).The Harvard Project Zero has researched 41 schools in America applying multiple intelligence theory for at least 3 years. Results show 78% of the schools reporting positive test outcomes, with 63% attributing the improvement to practices inspired by Gardners theory. Additionally, 78% reported improved performances by students with learning difficulties and 75% credited the increase to multiple intelligence theory. (Gardner, 1999) These figures embolden the view that multiple intelligence theory is extremely successful within the education system. Meanwhile, the extent to which the findings can be generalised to other schools worldwide is called into question. This is because the research focussed on a small sample of schools in America and used self-report methodology. This may means the findings suffer from social desirability bias as teachers and students may answer in a way that favours the schools reputation (Garnett, 2005).The theorys multi-faceted nature is beneficial to students as it helps them master their favourite(a) disciplines for instance, linguistic intelligence for the poet and bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence for the dancer. Gardners multiple intelligence theory has also been embraced by institutions such as museums that have practically integrated Gardners criteria with visual, spatial and bodily-kinaesthetic activities for students. Gardners theory is equally valid within the workplace as all businesses make use of a mixture of multiple intelligences. For instance, businesses that cud with finance and accounting draw on logical-mathematical intelligence. Likewise, entertainment businesses draw on musical intelligences, l inguistic and bodily kinaesthetic intelligences. More importantly, Gardners theory is relevant with other species and organisms as rodents have strong spatial intelligence whereas, birds possess outstanding musical intelligence. It may well be argued that computers too have multiple faculties as they are extremely effective in multitasking (ibid).Nevertheless, Gardners multiple intelligence theory is highly controversial. It is criticised for being extremely flexible. This makes it difficult for researchers to construct a single test that will measure and evaluate all nine faculties. For this reason, the theory has little scientific credibility. It may well be argued that Gardners musical and bodily-kinaesthetic intelligences are better viewed as talents as they are not needed in adapting to life demands .Additionally, the theory is proven irrelevant in regards to uniform schooltime which believes all pupils should be taught the same subjects in the same manner. In regards to the implementation of Gardners theory within the education system, it is disapproved for increasing educators workload. Ultimately, Gardners theory is criticised since it derives from his own intuitions and findings rather than from comprehensive empirical research (Conti, 2008 Gardner, 1999 Ghamrawi, 2014).In comparison to Gardners theory, psychologist Charles Spearmans theory advocates the notion of a general faculty (g). Spearman administered tests to Hampshire schoolchildren on six areas of ability including mathematical ability, ability to follow complex instructions, visualisation, knowledge of vocabulary, matching colours and musical pitch. He invented factor analysis to analyse the scores and reason one factor called general ability (g) that determined childrens intellectual performance. His results implied that if a child performed above average on one of the tests, it was more credibly that they would perform above average on all other tests. The problem with his study is tha t intelligent students would have been selected. Gardner was sceptic about Spearmans single faculty. He proposed the existence of numerous intelligences. Nevertheless, Spearmans view is regarded as both reductionist and deterministic as it reduces intelligence to a single lump (Mahoney, 2011 Maltby et al, 2010).Alternatively, Robert Sternberg a professor at Yale University came up with the triarchic theory of intelligence. He claims certain mental mechanisms are required for intelligent behaviour. His theory deals with three types of intelligence componential, experiential and contextual intelligence. Componential intelligence consists of mental mechanisms responsible for intelligence behaviour. The first mechanism is meta-components which are responsible for determining the nature of an intellectual problem, selecting a strategy to resolve the problem and making sure the task is completed. Secondly, performance components are the processes actually involved in solving the problem. Thirdly, knowledge- acquisition components are involved in learning new information. Sternbergs second ability is named experiential intelligence involves the ability to deal effectively with novel tasks from previous experience (Gregory, 2011 Mahoney, 2011 Maltby, 2010).Lastly, Sternbergs contextual intelligence involves the adaptation, shaping of a current environment and the selection of a new environment. Kline (1991 cited in Mahoney, 2011) criticises Sternbergs theory for defining intelligence too broadly. His theory raises the question as to whether intelligence is an ability, personality trait or behavioural style. Nevertheless, the theory has real life applications like Gardners theory. For example, an employee who convinces their boss to do things differently has used shaping to cook the work environment. Sternbergs theory is more credible than Gardners as he has devised The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test to validate his theory. Both Sternberg and Gardner agree that in telligence is a tangled phenomenon that cannot be measured by any single intelligence test (Gregory, 2011 Mahoney, 2011 Maltby, 2010).In conclusion, Gardners theory of multiple intelligences is both highly valued and also contentious within the contemporary world. In relation to his criteria of intelligences, many may argue there are several others intelligences that Gardner has failed to consider for instance cooking intelligence, brain intelligence, spiritual intelligence and many more. Whether researchers consider Gardners theory as useful or not depends on their definition and interpretation of intelligence. This will also depend on whether the individual considers intelligence as singular or plural (Gardner, 1999).

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy Cross Method

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy crossbreed Method plug-in of Contents1.0 Introduction2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross regularity3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method4.0 Advantages5.0 expiration6.0 References1.0 IntroductionPiping networks arrest quite a wide range of practical applications, from irrigate and gas dispersal musical arrangements to air conditioning installations. Although simple problems, much(prenominal) as for instance, a single branch connecting two reservoirs, may be realized analytically, more complex network problems need an iterative approach, recurring to a digital computer. The most popular method for solving this type of problems is the Hardy-Cross method. The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in scream network systems where the input and output flows be known, but the flow inside the network is unknown. Also, the pipe length, diameter, roughness and other key characteristics should be kno wn. Before the method was introduced, solving complex pipe systems for distribution was extremely herculean due to the nonlinear relationship between contribute loss and flow.Water distribution system models have become very important and practical tool for civil engineers. Models are often used to optimize the soma of new distribution systems or analyze major extensions or modifications to existing distribution systems. The introduction of the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe flow networks revolutionizedmunicipal water supply design (Pdhengineer.com, 2014).The Hardy Cross method is normally used as the pipe network analysis by most engineers. Computer models help engineers to solve difficult situations, namelyWhat is the maximum fire flow at a given point in the system?How long can that fire flow be provided for?What size pipe installation would be necessary between two points in a system to increase the pressure at one of the points to the borderline pressure required?If a subdivision or commercial development is built, will adequate pressures and flows exist? If not, what length and size of water mains must be upgraded by the developer to allow for the proposed construction?2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross methodThis method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks. The outflows from the system are assumed to occur at the nodes, where a node is the end of each pipe. This assumption would therefore result uniform flow in the pipelines distribution systems.The Hardy-Cross analysis is based on the principles thatAt each junction, the total inflow must be equal to total outflow.Head balance criterion algebraic sum of the head losses slightly any closed-loop is zero.For a given pipe system, with known junction outflows, the Hardy-Cross method is an iterative procedure based on initially estimated flows in pipes. Estimated pipe flows are corrected with iteration until head losses in the clockwise direction and in the anticlockwise direction are equal with in each loop.A trial distribution is madearbitrarily but in such a way that continuity equation is satisfied at each juction.With the assumed value of Q, the head loss in each pipe is calculated according to the equationWhere head lossr head loss per unit flown flow exponentThe net headloss somewhat each loop is calculated.If the net head loss due to assumed values of Q round the loop is zero, so the assumed values of Q in that loop are correct. If this is not the case, then the assumed values of Q are corrected by including a correction Q for the flows manger the circuit is balanced.The correction factor Q is obtained byFor turbulent flow, the value of n=2 and hence the correction factor becomesIf the value of Q is positive, then it is added to the flow in the clockwise direction and subtracted from the flows in the anticlockwise direction.After the correction have been applied to each pipe in a loop and to all loops, a second trial calculation is made for all loops. This pro cedure is repeated till Q becomes negligible.3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method4.0 AdvantagesThe Hardy Cross method is useful because it relies on only simple math, circumventing the need to solve a system of equations. Without the Hardy Cross methods, engineers would have to solve complex systems of equations with variable exponents that cannot easily be solved by hand.The Hardy Cross method iteratively corrects for the mistakes in the initial guess used to solve the problem. Subsequent mistakes in calculation are also iteratively corrected. If the method is followed correctly, the proper flow in each pipe can still be set up if small mathematical errors are consistently made in the process.This method is based on the successive addition of flow-rate corrections in each branch, in order to achieve satisfaction of energy conservation along every path in the network.The easiness of building a new network or modifying an existing one allows the engineer to rea dily observe how small changes in the network configuration may produce interesting results such as a flow reversal in a certain branch.5.0 ConclusionDistribution system is a network of pipelines that distribute water to the consumers. They are designed to adequately satisfy the water requirement for a combination of domestic, commercial, industrial and fire fighting purposes.In any pipe network, the algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero (there can be no discontinuity in pressure) as well as the flow entry a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction i.e. the law of continuity must be satisfied (Nptel.ac.in, 2014).A considerable distribution system should provide adequate water pressure at the consumers taps for a specific rate of flow. The pressures should not only be great enough to adequately meet fire fighting needs, but should also not be excessive due to pressure leakages which is cost-effective. However, in tall buildings, support er pumps are required to elevate the water to upper floors. Moreover, distribution system of purified water should be completely water-tight and the purity of distributed water should be maintained. Maintenance of the distribution system should be easy and economical. Even, during breakdown periods of pipeline, water should remain available. If a particular pipe length is under repair and has been shut down, the water to the nation living in the down-stream side of this pipeline should be available from other pipeline. The distribution pipes systems should not be placed under highways, carriage ways as they will obstruct any traffic flow, but should be laid under foot paths.Figure 1 Pipe network for Municipal water distribution systems in cities (Scribd.com, 2014)6.0 ReferencesGupta, R.K., 2005. A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. 9th ed. New Delhi Laxmi Publications.Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Objectives template. Online Available at http//nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse- contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-36/36-3_pipe_soln_hardy.htm Accessed on 27 March 2014.Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Water tally Network Design. Online Available at http//nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%2015.htm Accessed on 27 March 2014.Pdhengineer.com, (2014).The Hardy Cross Method and its Successors in Water Distribution PDHengineer take to the woods EN-2034. Online Available at http//www.pdhengineer.com/catalog/index.php?route=product/productproduct_id=1320 Accessed on 31 March 2014.Scribd.com, (2014).Pipe Network Analysis using Hardy Cross method. Online Available at http//www.scribd.com/doc/42173408/Pipe-Network-Analysis-using-Hardy-Cross-method Accessed on 29 March 2014.https//estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/8169/1/obra.pdf)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Cross_method

The Acts of Racism In The 20th Century Essay -- essays research papers

The Acts of Racism In The 20th CenturyLangston Hughes and Maya Angelou were very well up known authors of the early20th century. Most of their writings were concerned with racism and equality. Duringthat time period there was much evidence that African Americans had been treatedunfairly, unjustly, and as if they had been beneath the whites. Segregation of schools,churches, bathrooms, and stores were only a few of the many things wrong with this ere. Racism was very apparent in the two short stories Graduation and one(a) FridayMorning. In one of these, a young girl is put down because of the color of her skin, andin the other, a whole class and audience were do to feel lower than they should have.In Langston Hughes short story One Friday Morning a young girl by the nameof Nancy Lee was denied an art cognition because of the color of her skin. When shefirst learned that she was going to receive a reward for one of her pictures, she becamevery excited as any young girl her come on would have been. Her vice principal Miss OShaywas also very excited for her. She wanted Nancy to speak at a ceremony in honor of thisart scholarship. Friday morning came, and what was thought to be an adventurous day filled withlots a happiness, turned out to be the exact gelid for Nancy Lee. Just before she wasabout to give her speech in front of the whole school for what she had accomplish...

Anti-Depressants and Teen Suicide Essay -- Teenage Suicide Essays

Abstract Two percent of preteens and five percent of adolescents suffer from low (www.about-teen-depression.com 2014). in that location are specific signs and symptoms associated with depression, which are helpful in detection of the illness. There are various ways to treat depression, such as medication, group therapy, and/or herbal supplements. There are pros and cons with each treatment, that the worst coincides with the medication suicide. Much query has been conducted, which will be discussed in the paper that has shown a link to antidepressants and suicide. However, there is also evidence that the suicide outrank could be decreased with proper diagnosis and early, supervised treatment for depression, especially when dealing with children and adolescents. IntroductionDepression is the newest epidemic sweeping across the world, affecting adults, teenagers, and thus far children. In fact, surveys have indicated that one in every five teenagers suffer from clinical depres sion (NMHA 2004). The illness can be found anywhere and appears to let the news each and every day. Depression is a condition that has no preference in its victims, meaning that it will strike people of all ages, races, and backgrounds. However, research has indicated that the onset of depression is now occurring earlier in life compared to past decades (Klerman and Weissman 1989). Knowing this, depression is a condition that needs to be cured immediately. There are many signs and symptoms commonly associated with depression, although most do vary with each individual. Most symptoms include frequent sadness, feelings of hopelessness, decreased activity, persistent boredom and low energy, neighborly isolation, low self esteem, extreme sensitivity, frequents complaints of illness, poor concentration, and thoughts or expression of suicide (www.focusas.com). In order to be diagnosed as suffering from depression, patients must have 2 or more of the above symptoms for at least two weeks that cause severe distress or interfere with daily life (Zoloft 2001). The specific causes of depression are not known. It is suggested that depression is actually a pass on of a combination of certain factors, such as biological and psychosocial factors (Kendler 1995, www.surgeongeneral.gov 2004). Most likely, depression is the result of a chemical imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain (NYU 2004). Thes... ...ent of pharmacotherapies for clinical depression in children and adolescents. Drug Safety. Jan 20 (1)59-75.Shaffer D, Craft L. 1999. Methods of Adolescent Suicide Prevention. Journal of clinical Psychiatry. 60 70-74.Simon H and Stern T. 2003 Review. Harvard Medical School.Strober M, Schmidt-Lackner S, Freeman R et al. 1995. Recovery and relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness a five-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(6)724-731.Sullivan, P., Neale, M. C. & Kendler, K. S. 2000. Genetic epidemiology of major depr ession review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 1552-1562.Vanderkooy JD, Kennedy SH, Bagby RM. 2002. Antidepressant side effects in depression patients tough in a naturalistic setting. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 47 174-180.Wagner KD, Ambrosini P, Rynn M, et al. 2003. Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. JAMA. 290 1033-1041.Whittington CJ et al. 2004. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in childhood depression. Lancel. 363 1341-1345.Zoloft. 2004. . accessed 21 September 2004.