Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy Cross Method

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy crossbreed Method plug-in of Contents1.0 Introduction2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross regularity3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method4.0 Advantages5.0 expiration6.0 References1.0 IntroductionPiping networks arrest quite a wide range of practical applications, from irrigate and gas dispersal musical arrangements to air conditioning installations. Although simple problems, much(prenominal) as for instance, a single branch connecting two reservoirs, may be realized analytically, more complex network problems need an iterative approach, recurring to a digital computer. The most popular method for solving this type of problems is the Hardy-Cross method. The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in scream network systems where the input and output flows be known, but the flow inside the network is unknown. Also, the pipe length, diameter, roughness and other key characteristics should be kno wn. Before the method was introduced, solving complex pipe systems for distribution was extremely herculean due to the nonlinear relationship between contribute loss and flow.Water distribution system models have become very important and practical tool for civil engineers. Models are often used to optimize the soma of new distribution systems or analyze major extensions or modifications to existing distribution systems. The introduction of the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe flow networks revolutionizedmunicipal water supply design (Pdhengineer.com, 2014).The Hardy Cross method is normally used as the pipe network analysis by most engineers. Computer models help engineers to solve difficult situations, namelyWhat is the maximum fire flow at a given point in the system?How long can that fire flow be provided for?What size pipe installation would be necessary between two points in a system to increase the pressure at one of the points to the borderline pressure required?If a subdivision or commercial development is built, will adequate pressures and flows exist? If not, what length and size of water mains must be upgraded by the developer to allow for the proposed construction?2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross methodThis method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks. The outflows from the system are assumed to occur at the nodes, where a node is the end of each pipe. This assumption would therefore result uniform flow in the pipelines distribution systems.The Hardy-Cross analysis is based on the principles thatAt each junction, the total inflow must be equal to total outflow.Head balance criterion algebraic sum of the head losses slightly any closed-loop is zero.For a given pipe system, with known junction outflows, the Hardy-Cross method is an iterative procedure based on initially estimated flows in pipes. Estimated pipe flows are corrected with iteration until head losses in the clockwise direction and in the anticlockwise direction are equal with in each loop.A trial distribution is madearbitrarily but in such a way that continuity equation is satisfied at each juction.With the assumed value of Q, the head loss in each pipe is calculated according to the equationWhere head lossr head loss per unit flown flow exponentThe net headloss somewhat each loop is calculated.If the net head loss due to assumed values of Q round the loop is zero, so the assumed values of Q in that loop are correct. If this is not the case, then the assumed values of Q are corrected by including a correction Q for the flows manger the circuit is balanced.The correction factor Q is obtained byFor turbulent flow, the value of n=2 and hence the correction factor becomesIf the value of Q is positive, then it is added to the flow in the clockwise direction and subtracted from the flows in the anticlockwise direction.After the correction have been applied to each pipe in a loop and to all loops, a second trial calculation is made for all loops. This pro cedure is repeated till Q becomes negligible.3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method4.0 AdvantagesThe Hardy Cross method is useful because it relies on only simple math, circumventing the need to solve a system of equations. Without the Hardy Cross methods, engineers would have to solve complex systems of equations with variable exponents that cannot easily be solved by hand.The Hardy Cross method iteratively corrects for the mistakes in the initial guess used to solve the problem. Subsequent mistakes in calculation are also iteratively corrected. If the method is followed correctly, the proper flow in each pipe can still be set up if small mathematical errors are consistently made in the process.This method is based on the successive addition of flow-rate corrections in each branch, in order to achieve satisfaction of energy conservation along every path in the network.The easiness of building a new network or modifying an existing one allows the engineer to rea dily observe how small changes in the network configuration may produce interesting results such as a flow reversal in a certain branch.5.0 ConclusionDistribution system is a network of pipelines that distribute water to the consumers. They are designed to adequately satisfy the water requirement for a combination of domestic, commercial, industrial and fire fighting purposes.In any pipe network, the algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero (there can be no discontinuity in pressure) as well as the flow entry a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction i.e. the law of continuity must be satisfied (Nptel.ac.in, 2014).A considerable distribution system should provide adequate water pressure at the consumers taps for a specific rate of flow. The pressures should not only be great enough to adequately meet fire fighting needs, but should also not be excessive due to pressure leakages which is cost-effective. However, in tall buildings, support er pumps are required to elevate the water to upper floors. Moreover, distribution system of purified water should be completely water-tight and the purity of distributed water should be maintained. Maintenance of the distribution system should be easy and economical. Even, during breakdown periods of pipeline, water should remain available. If a particular pipe length is under repair and has been shut down, the water to the nation living in the down-stream side of this pipeline should be available from other pipeline. The distribution pipes systems should not be placed under highways, carriage ways as they will obstruct any traffic flow, but should be laid under foot paths.Figure 1 Pipe network for Municipal water distribution systems in cities (Scribd.com, 2014)6.0 ReferencesGupta, R.K., 2005. A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. 9th ed. New Delhi Laxmi Publications.Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Objectives template. Online Available at http//nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse- contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-36/36-3_pipe_soln_hardy.htm Accessed on 27 March 2014.Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Water tally Network Design. Online Available at http//nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%2015.htm Accessed on 27 March 2014.Pdhengineer.com, (2014).The Hardy Cross Method and its Successors in Water Distribution PDHengineer take to the woods EN-2034. Online Available at http//www.pdhengineer.com/catalog/index.php?route=product/productproduct_id=1320 Accessed on 31 March 2014.Scribd.com, (2014).Pipe Network Analysis using Hardy Cross method. Online Available at http//www.scribd.com/doc/42173408/Pipe-Network-Analysis-using-Hardy-Cross-method Accessed on 29 March 2014.https//estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/8169/1/obra.pdf)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Cross_method