Social Inequality In Usa Sociology Essay

Social Inequality In Usa Sociology searchWhy do you think the U.S. is characterized by more(prenominal) inequality and fewer public efforts to reduce inequality than whatever other developed state of matter?Capitalism can non provide a decent standard of living for all told, hardly as long as it can provide a fair to middling standard of living for substantial layers of the population, it can maintain complaisant stability. young studies earn shown that the mettle America begins to feel insecure, which points at the inevitable genial problems.The average salary is the salary, which includes both the income of the richest and the poorest. This amount is far from real wages of intimately Americans. fit to the latest statistical review, in the period by and by 1998, when the U.S. rescue grew by 25%, the average salary of wizard fifth part of U.S. residents fell by 3.8%, charm the salary of the rest remained at 1973 aim (Hurst 132-34). eon the economy was rapidly grow ing, this prosperity has not affected the middle variant, not to mention industrial workers and the poor. Along with the freezing of income of the middle tellify, sociable inequality was growing. Since 1973 the annual revenue growth of 1% of the richest was 3.4%, and for 0.1% of the richest it was 5.2%. But for the stay 90% this figure was 0.3% per year since 1973. Leaders of large companies were earning 26 measure more than their employees. Now they argon earning 300 terms more (Crompton 98-102).According to experts, children from families with low income confound a 1%chance to get rich, while children of the rich founder 22% opportunity. For the middle class the figure is 1.8%, not much more than for the poor. The middle class of America is more and more afraid to become poor. Families face a decrease in their incomes. The identification subdue of families, whose income fell to $ 20,000, has add-ond from 13% in 1990 to 17% in 2007 (Hurst 206).Unemployment in the U.S. has reached the highest level over the past 20 geezerhood. Average duration of unemployment is 18 weeks. And, most often the unemployed have to accept a rude(a) job with less pay.House owners (about 70% of Americans), after paying taxes, have to give 11% of their income for mortgages. Today, these bulk be insolvent. Today the average American family with cardinal on the job(p) spouses has to work for 32 weeks to pay taxes, medical insurance, reference for housing, and education. In 1979, they needed 28 weeks. After all these payments, such a family has less immorals for basic needs than in 1980. In the genuine scotchal situation, an average American feels much worse than 25 years ago (Hurst 57-60).An average American works longer and harder than before yet to make ends meet. And one increasingly has to take loans, family debt reached 120% of family income. Private pension off funds atomic number 18 extremely small. Moreover, now pensions begin to be give merely after the worker invests a received amount.In this homophile richest country 45% of Americans have no pension program. Only 20% have a guaranteed pension. The same situation is in health cargon. The number of uninsured plurality reached 16%, i.e. about 45 million Americans get out not get treatment if they get sick.Despite all the efforts, most of the U.S. social problems do not disappear. Obviously, these are the negative effects of economic growth that exist in almost e really post-industrial society.Moreover, the distri merelyion of riches including personal property and shares has not changed in the U.S. for 200 years. Tiree and Smith fudged to find oneself data on the taxable property of persons who had permanent jobs in Philadelphia in 1789. Comparing these data with the distri only ifion of income in 1949, 1959 and 1969, they found a exclusively equal distribution of wealth in these two periods. Both, at that time and today, dealers and persons of intellectual crusade were r icher than the workers and clerks (Hurst 89-93).Since 1982, profits of American capitalists have grown considerably. This was achieved by reduction of salaries of workers, and increased exploitation. Thus, the rate of added value grew up while investments into spick-and-span equipment have been reduced to minimum. Therefore the returns were growing.Inequality of income distribution remains in American society despite unlike changes in the economy and many programs helping the poor. The privileges are established for those who have the power in any societies. People with high locating often have a very visible political bias, which they can use to their advantage.In the 1960s, the President Lyndon Johnson say the war against poverty. The weapons of this war were tax cuts, retraining programs, educational programs and increased benefits. These actions were important, since it was estimated that amongst 1965 and 1975 the number of families below the poverty line was less than 5% o f all families. However, since then many of these programs were reduced or abolished in baffle to becalm the government budget. More positive results of programs have been undermined by rising unemployment and an increase in the number of poor families with single mothers. Therefore, in the U.S. there are still many poor families (Hurst 248-49).How is social stratification a foot of society rather than simply an expression of individual differences.The question of why there is social inequality is central in the study of society. It has two strikingly different answers. The first one was given by the conservatives, who pleadd that the mismatched distribution of social benefits is a tool for solving the major tasks of society. Supporters of a radical approach, by contrast, sharply criticize the existing social army and debate that social inequality is a mechanism of exploitation of individuals and is associated with the conflict for scarce products and services.According to the functionalist theory of social inequality, stratification exists because it is useful to society. Davis and Moore argue that social stratification is not only universal but in like manner necessary therefore, no society can exist without stratification and classes. The bunsment of stratification is required in order to fill all the statuses that relieve oneself the social structure, and to give the individuals the motivations to work out duties associated with their position. In this regard the society must motivate wad on two levels (Crompton 57-59)1. It should encourage individuals to take various positions, since not all the duties associated with different statuses, are equally useful for the gentleman body, equally important for social survival, and require equal abilities. If the social manners was different, the position would make no difference, and the problem of social status would be considerably smaller2. When these positions are occupied, the company should awaken in people a desire to play the relevant role, because the duties associated with many posts are considered as painful and in the absence of motivation many would not manage to do their roles.These social realities have led to the view that society should have certain benefits that can be utilize as incentives for their members, and the mode of distribution of these benefits among different statuses. Inequality is the emotional stimulus that society has created in order to solve the problem of filling in all statuses and make their owners to do their best to fit the role. Since these benefits are built into the social system, social stratification may be considered a structural feature of all societies.On the basis of the economic model of supply and demand, Davis and Moore concluded that the highest paid positions are those occupied by the most talented or skilled workers, as well as functionally most important ones. Thus, separate individuals who take into custody high-pa ying jobs, should receive remuneration, otherwise the post bequeath remain un deeded, and society lead disintegrate (Crompton 115-122).On the other hand, a person is born(p) in a privileged or unprivileged position. For example, almost two-thirds of managers in 243 large U.S. companies have grown up in families of speed middle class or upper stratum of society. Basing on similar data, advocates of conflict theory claim that society is organized so that individuals rank is determined by put up and does not dependent on their abilities and characteristics of the society (Hurst 206-219).Advocates of the conflict theory believe that the stratification of society exists because it is profitable to individuals and groups with authority over others. While functionalists lay common interests of members of society, conflictologists focus on the differences of interests. From their point of view, the society is an arena where people are fighting for the privileges, prestige and power.Th e theory of conflict is based largely on the ideas of Karl Marx. He argued that to comprehend the mechanism of a particular economic system one must know what preceded this system, as well as the processes that contributed to its development. According to Marx, the level of technique and method of organization of production determines the growth of society in general. At each stage of history, these factors determine the group, which will rule in society, and groups that it will obey. Possession of means of production is only one source of power. Another source is the possession of means of rule over people. The role of bureaucracy in society (exclusive control of bailiwick income and national wealth) gives it a special privileged status (Crompton 87-94).Even in fresh developed countries, individuals can flourish without property. Much of the power is provided by the position in large transnational corporations, rather than property. Employees do not merely possess a relativel y small property, but their influence lasts only as long as they occupy a certain position. A very similar pattern is observed in the government. In this case, no class exists in isolation and independently of the other classes.Sociologists are divided on the sources of social stratification, but they are united in the fact that social inequality is a structural aspect of the modern life of the whole society. Speaking about the structuring of social inequality, social scientists mean not only the fact that individuals and social groups differ in the privileges they have, prestige they receive, and power they possess. Structuring means that inequality in the society is institutionalized as a system. Inequality is not formed at random, but in accordance with the repetitive, relatively consistent and stable models it is usually passed down from multiplication to generation, for which the individuals and groups with the benefits usually find appropriate ways (Crompton 54-58).How do as sociation and class system differ? How are they the same? Why does industrialization set up a measure of meritocracy into social stratification?Inequality exists in human societies of all types. Stratification can be defined as organise differences between groups of people the society consists of layers located in a gradable order, where the privileged layers are closer to the top and the underprivileged ones are at the bottom. However, class and caste systems are different in their essence (Crompton 41-43).class system is primarily associated with the cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and is presented by four main classes (varnas), differing in the degree of social prestige. Below these four groups are the untouchables. There are also jatis in the caste system local marginalized groups within which the role into castes takes place.The caste system is very complex, and its structure varies from region to region, but it shares well-nigh common principles. Brahmins, forming th e highest Varna, represent the highest degree of purity, while the untouchables represent the lowest one. Brahmins should bend certain bear upons with the untouchables, while only the untouchables are allowed to have physical contact with objects or animals, which are considered unclean. The caste system is closely linked with the Hindoo concept of reincarnation, under which people who neglect the rights and duties of their caste should be born in their next incarnation in a caste, which occupies a dismay position. In the Indian caste system, an individual is not allowed to move from one caste to another during his life (Crompton 65-72).The concept of caste is sometimes used outside the context of Indian culture, e.g. in cases, when two or more ethnic groups are separated from each other, primarily for reasons of racial purity. In such circumstances, there are strict taboos (and sometimes legal prohibitions) on intergroup marriages. After the abolition of slavery in the southern states of the U.S., the level of disengagement of black and white population was so strong that the term caste is sometimes used for this system of stratification. There are also reasons to accost about the existence of caste system in South Africa, where blotto segregation remains between whites and blacks and where interracial marriages were until recently forbidden by law.The class system differs from the caste system in many aspects. permit us consider the four of these main features (Crompton 105-113).1. Unlike other types of strata, classes do not depend on legal or religious orientation. The class social station is not associated with the congenital status, whatever it was determined by by law or custom. The class system is much more wandering than other stratification systems the boundaries between classes are never clear-cut. Formal restrictions on marriages between people from different classes do not exist.2. The class membership is achieved by the individual, at l east partly, and is not simply given at birth, as in caste systems. Social mobility is distributed more widely, while in the caste system, an individual move from one caste to another is in general impossible.3. Classes are related to differences in economic status groups, with inequality in the ownership of physical resources and control, whereas in caste systems, the leading role is contend by non-economic factors (such as religion).4. In caste stratification system, inequality manifests itself primarily in the personal relationships of people, in the difference between rights and responsibilities (Brahmin-Harijan). In contrast, class system is manifested mainly in the big relations of impersonal nature. For example, the inwrought foundations for the class division are the differences in working conditions and payment, which relate to people of any category and, in turn, depend on the situation of the economy as a whole.Thus, classes can be defined as large-scale groups of peo ple with similar material resources, which in turn determine the life style they lead. Class differences primarily depend on the welfare of people and merciful of occupation. In modern Western society, the following main classes exist the upper class (rich people, businessmen, industrialists, and the upper stratum of managers who own or directly control the means of production), the middle class (which includes the majority of white collar workers and professionals) and the working class (blue collar workers, or people involved in physical labor) (Hurst 327-333).According to Weber, the division into classes is determined not only by the presence or absence of control over the means of production, but also by economic differences, not related directly to the property. These find factors primarily include skills and expertise that affect the ability of the person to perform a job. People belonging to the categories of professionals and managers are also working for hire, but they e arn more and have better working conditions than the workers. Qualification certificates, degrees, titles, diplomas and trainings place them in a more advantageous position in the labor market compared with those who do not have the relevant qualifications (Crompton 93-98).Thus, the concept of status in the meritocracy society is associated with varying degrees of social prestige of social groups. The distinctive features of the exact status can be changed independently of the class division. While the class affiliation is an objective feature, the status, in contrast, depends on subjective evaluations of social distinctions by individuals.

Differentiate Between Operation System And Application Software Computer Science Essay

Differentiate Between Operation System And screening Softw are estimator Science EssayThe most principal(prenominal) program that is run on a computing device. E very(prenominal) general-purpose electronic calculator must have an direct dodging to run some other programs. The implementation of the run organization recognizes stimulant from the keyboard, such as the rudimentary task of sending the kayoedput to the top display, recorded in the files and directories on the disk track, and control such as disk drives and printer skirting(prenominal)s.Nedeucerk operate(a) arranging abbreviated as NOS, direct system, including connecting to a local area profit equipment, calculating machines and special features. virtually operating system, such as UNIX and the mack operating system, has been neting the term network operating system-inch built-in feature, however, is generally reserved for parcel, network capabilities by adding the basic operating system. Novells N etware, Artisofts LANtastic, Microsoft windows Server and Windows NT is an example of an network operating system.The program or programs designed for end-users group. Software ignore be divided into two categories system software product and application software. From petty(a)-level system software programs, interact with the reckoner a very basic level. This includes the operating system, compiler, used to manage computer resources and utilities.Computer system refers to the computer and its devices. Equipment such as speakers, printers, keyboards, s rouseners and other peripheral devices are called, some whiles referred to as peripherals. Central processing unit (CPU) is considered to be computer. If no external device input and output of the computer (home computer) (such as monitors, printers, speakers, etc.) will non be able to do anything you feel useful.Read phoneticallyDefine Question 1 run system is a software program and computer interface as user behaviour. This is a software package that tolerates the computer is functions. Operating system also the most heavy programs into the computer. Basic operating system running on the computer and allows other programs to run well. Operating system to complete all need to do a computer, such as recognized from the crawl or keyboard input, the basic things. It retains all of the documents which track on the computer. Allocation of resources to running, it can prevent unlicenced access to computer programs.A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating systems main purpose is to championship workstations, individualized computers, and in some cases, the old pier is a local area network (LAN) connection. In addition, some multi-purpose operating system such as Windows NT and Digitals OpenVMS, and out of capacity, so that they can describe as a network operating system. Network operating system provides printer sharing, common file system and entropybase sharing, application sharing, a nd to manage the network name of the directory, security and other midland networks.An application software are designed to per tier specific functions, instanter to the user or in some cases, another application, any plans. Application uses the computers operating system and other services supporting the project. Services and with the programmers written material application is called application program interface (API) to use other government agency of communication formal request procedure.Answer Question 1Operating SystemOperating system to earn a link surrounded by users and applications forms the amount of the computer system. It is not in favor of the programs and hardware to simplify resource management. let us look at different character references of operating systems.Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating SystemsWhen a program is allowed to run once, the system is divided into case-by-case-task operating system, and the operating system allows the case to perf orm septuple tasks at the corresponding time, it is listed as a multitasking operating system. Multi-task can be divided into two categories, namely pre-emptive or cooperation. In the pre-emptive multitasking operating system and CPU time slice of a slot dedicated to from each one project. Class Unix operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support for pre-emptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is relying on each process, to allow time to define the way in the other processes. Prior to Microsoft Windows to Windows95 to support the cooperative multitasking.Window 7As the Windows operating system, it will be the next version of Windows Vistas successor, the work of the name. Windows 7 is expected to be released in 2010. Windows 7 is expected to use less violence more effective, not as a resource pig because more than Vista, and includes better synchronicity with mobile devices and PC integration elements. Windows 7 is expected to include 32-bit and 64-bit versions and boniface versions, Windows Server 7.Mac OS XMac OS X enunciate Oh apple ES of ten, was in the Apple Macintosh computer apply the current version of the operating system. If you happen to be pronounced Mac OS X, computer fans, and dedicated to Mac users will speedily correct you. Although the name may be a bit confusing, Mac OS X is an advanced, user-friendly operating system.Application SoftwareApplications the major power to use the computer directly to the specific task. Application software can handle text, numbers and graphics. It can be in a authoritative software, such as word processing, spreadsheets, or playback of audio and video files form the focus of a single task.Database SoftwareDatabase is a collection of data structure. Rely on computer databases to organize data, allowing users of the database, database software, database operations to achieve. Database software allows users to throw in and retrieve data in the database.Spreadsheet SoftwareIn Excel, Lotus 1 -2-3 and Apple figures are some examples of spreadsheet software. Spreadsheet software allows users to perform calculations. They simulate a display, so that more cells grid paper form.Multimedia SoftwareThey allow users to create and play audio and video media. They are able to play the media files. audio frequency converter, player, burner, video encoder and decoder is a form of multimedia software. Examples of this type of software, including literal Player and Media Player.Simulation SoftwareSimulation software is the best example of the scientific simulation and flight simulators. The plan is mainly used for look and entertainment. Simulation is to create a pitying, vehicle and traffic accident environment, the computer model to calculate the forces in the discrete time interval for each agent process. By Newtonian physics, the vehicle position and velocity updates, and gay and display graphics.Computer animation software can plug the vehicle location, based on user input the coordinates and speed. The animation provides a quasi(prenominal) event is a simulated graphical representation of a opthalmic description, it is not an analytical tool.Computer simulation is a complex event, because the analytic thinking of human and vehicle movement in the simulation is a corporal programmable valuable tool. Driver behaviour, vehicle characteristics, and road conditions, the parameters can be substantially assessed.Define Question 2The computer is one of mankinds most brilliant invention. Computer technology, we can achieve efficient storage and data processing. We can employ other information storage capacity of computer retentiveness of our brain. Because the computer, we have the ability to work up to the daily rate for important transactions, to achieve precision and accuracy of the output. On the computer a few years ago is a large room surface, and must swallow large amounts of electricity. However, as technology advances, computers have shrunk to the size of a handsome watch. Depending on the size of the processing power and computer, they have different types of classification. Let us look at the computer category.Answer Question 2SupercomputersHighly computationally intensive tasks can be carried out in effect by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory is the best examine by means of supercomputers. Their well-designed parallel processing and the ability of the memory pecking order to give the super computer, large-scale transaction processing capabilities.MinicomputersIn size and processing capability, the minicomputer is between mainframe and PC. Minicomputer, also known as mid-range system or workstation. The term began to be generally 60 years in the 20th century to refer to the third generation of relatively teensy-weensy computers. They picked up it would be a refrigerator or two core technologies used in transistors and memory space required. 12-bit Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 minicomputer was the offshoot successful minicomputer.LaptopsSimilar operations, desktop computers, notebook computers and mobile use tenuous design. Running on a single laptop battery or external adapter, charges the computer battery. They enabled with a built-in keyboard, touchpad as a mouse and LCD display. Its portability and ability to use the battery as a power advantage for mobile users.DesktopsThe desktop to a single location. Parts of a desktop computer is easy to provide a relatively low cost. Power not as the key to the laptop. Desktop machine is astray used in the workplace and the family welcome for daily use.MicrocomputersIt with a microprocessor and a computer central processing unit is called micro-computer. They do not enlist the space up to the mainframe. When using the keyboard and mouse, giving the micro-computer can be called personal computers. Monitor, keyboard and other similar input and output devices, in the form of computer memory and memory to power supplies packaged in a toy dog computer. These computers can be installed in the desk or table, and as a single user tasks the best choice.Analogy ComputersThese are almost extinct today. These figures are from a different computer because the computer can run multiple analog mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses math continuous variables, and using machinelike or electrical energy.Wearable ComputersA record in the computer evolution criterion is to create habiliment computers. These computers can be faded on the body and often in the behavioral modeling and human health research to use. Military and health professionals in their daily wearable computers, as part of such a study. When the users hand, the activities of the other senses, wearable computers is very helpful to track peoples actions. Wearable computers in operation because they never been receptive and closed, and continue to interact with the user.Conclusion RecommendationIn 2 011 years, we can compute the world have many place and build also using computer. Computer gives us a lot convenience, it can get us searching any for internet (e.g. movie, music, New, literature and knowledge) and the reason for sub-types of the computer because they trust to meet the market demands.Computer system are many types of computer, outsides the computer have hardware and insides the computer have software. And the software have type of operation System, application Software and other. But the software installer want to step by step, because you dont following the step well be broke the computer. So I think the computer is very interesting.Appendix

The Basics Of Trapdoor Hacking Information Technology Essay

The Basics Of Trapdoor Hacking Information Technology EssayFor a information processor broadcastmer, trap doors make sense. If the programmer needs to modify the program or sotime in the future, he toilet usage the trap door quite of having to go by all of the normal, customer-directed protocols just to make the change. Trap doors should be closed or eliminated in the final version of the program subsequently all testing is complete, but, intentionally or unintentionally, some atomic number 18 left(p) in place. Other trap doors whitethorn be introduced by mar and merely later discovered by crackers who argon roaming around, flavor for a way into dodge programs and files. Typical trap doors use such(prenominal) dodging features as debugging tools, program exits that transfer control to privileged areas of remembrance, undocumented application calls and parameters, and m both new(prenominal)s.Trap doors make obvious sense to dependable computing device criminals as well, whether they are bitchy programmers or crackers. Trap doors are an easy way to motive into a dodge or to boost price of admission to privileged information or to introduce viruses or some other unauthorized programs into the system.CasesIn 1993 and 1994, an unknown free radical of figurer criminals repetitively stone-skint into systems on the Internet using passwords captured by password sniffers. Once on the system, they exploited packet flaws to gain privileged access. They installed modify login and ne devilrk programs that allowed them reentry scour if the original passwords were changed.In 1996, Philip Myers exposit the insertion and exploitation of back doors as subversion in his MSc thesis at the Naval grad student School. He pointed out that subversion, un ilk penetration fervidnesss, force out begin at any phase of the system development life cycle, including design, implementation, distribution, installation and production.Donn B. Parker described interesting back-door cases in some papers (no longer available) from the 1990s. For example, a programmer discovered a back door left in a FORTRAN compiler by the writers of the compiler. This section of code allowed execution to jump from a regular program file to code stored in a selective information file. The criminal utilize the back door to steal computer impact time from a assist bureau so he could work his own code at other users expense. In another case, unlike users from Detroit used back doors in the operating system of a Florida generationharing benefit to find passwords that allowed unauthorized and unpaid access to proprietary selective information and programs. blush the US government has move to insert back doors in code. In phratry 1997, Congress proposed legislation to dispose domestic US encoding unless the algorithm complicated a back door allowing decryption on demand by law enforcement authorities moved famous Ron Rivest to satire. The famed co-i nventor of the Public Key Cryptosystem and founder of RSA Data security Inc. pointed out that some people be harpve the Bible contains secret messages and codes, so the proposed law would ban the Bible.More lately, devices using the Palm operating system (PalmOS) were discovered to cast off no effective warranter despite the password function. Apparently developer tools supplied by Palm allow a back-door conduit into the supposedly locked data.Dumpster DivingWhat is Dumpster Diving?Dumpster nosedive is a name given to a very simple cause of security round off, which is scavenging through materials that have been thrown and twisted away, as shown below. This type of attack isnt illegal in any obvious way. If papers are thrown away, it means that nobody wants them, right? Dumpster diving also isnt unique only to computer facilities. All kinds of sensitive information ends up in the frappe, and indus streak spies through the years have used this method to get information about (predicate) their competitors.http//oreilly.com/catalog/crime/chapter/f_02_01.gifDumpster Diving in Process in that location is another type of computer-related trash that we powerfulness not consider. In the system itself are files that have been deleted, but that havent actually been erased from the system. Computers and users used only to drop a line data, not destroying it, and sometimes some data is saved that shouldnt be saved. electronic trashing is easy because of the way that systems typically delete data. Usually, deleting a file, a saucer, or a tape doesnt actually delete data, but simply rewrites a header record. Using MS-DOS, for example, a file can be deleted via the DEL command, however, mortal else can retrieve the contents of the file simply by track UNDELETE. System utilities are available that make it easy to retrieve files that may seem to be totally gone.Although in that respect are methods for truly erasing files and magnetized media, most users who wor k on large systems do not shell out the time to erase disks and tapes when they are finished with them. They may discard of age(predicate) disks and tapes with data still on them. They simply write the new data over the old data already on the tape. Because the new data may not be the same length as the old, there may be sensitive data left for those skilled comely to find it. It is far safer to explicitly write over terminus media and memory contents with random data and to degauss magnetic tapes.Cases i computer company in Texas that does business with a number of oil companies sight that whenever a certain company asked them to mount a temporary storage (scratch) tape on the tape drive, the read-tape ethereal would always come on forward the write-tape light. The ingenious oil company was scavenging the tape for information that might have been put on it by competitors that used the tape before them.Trashing can have deadly consequences. When some old Department of rightn ess computers were sold off, they had on their disks information on the whereabouts of witnesses in the Federal ravisher Protection Program. Although the data had been deleted, it had not been completely erased from the disk. The DOJ was able to get back some of the computers, but not all, and was forced to relocate the compromised families as a result.In 1991, spies posed as garbage collectors distant of a U.S. defense contractor executives home, dug through trash cans looking for information. unrivaled of the collectors was actually Frances consul general and claimed he was collecting fill for a great deal in his yard. Upon investigation, the FBI determined that this operation was part of a French secret-searching mission, aimed at finding U.S. military or scientific information.Then in 1999, two key members of a group called the Phonemasters were convicted of theft and possession of unauthorized access devices and unauthorized access to a federal interest computer. This inter national group of cyber criminals had averly penetrated the computer systems of MCI, Sprint, ATT, Equifax and the National Crime Information Center. The Phonemasters skills had enabled them to download hundreds of life history card numbers and distribute them to organized crime groups around the world. violate of their method included dumpster diving and collecting old phone books and system manuals. These tools, combined with social engineering, led to the attacks on the mentioned systems.In 2000, in a widely publicized case, the CEO of Oracle, Larry Ellison, hired private investigators to dig through corporate dumpsters at Microsoft. This was an effort aimed at finding information about Microsofts possible development of grassroots organizations to support its side in an anti-trust lawsuit. One of the investigators unsuccessfully tried to pay off a member of the janitorial service in exchange for the garbage of one of these organizations. Ellison held that his actions were a ci vic duty, to issue Microsofts secret funding of such groups, but his opponents assert that the incident was resistant and scandalous.Microsoft complained that various organizations allied to it have been victimized by industrial espionage agents who attempted to steal documents from trash bins. The organizations include the Association for Competitive Technology in upper-case letter, D.C., the Independent Institute in Oakland, California, and Citizens for a Sound Economy, another Washington D.C. based entity. Microsoft say, We have sort of always known that our competitors have been actively engaged in trying to define us, and sort of attack us. unless these revelations are particularly concerning and really show the lengths to which theyre willing to go to attack Microsoft.Saying he was exercising a civic duty, Oracle head and founder Lawrence J. Ellison defended his company of suggestions that Oracles behavior was Nixonian when it hired private detectives to scrutinize organ izations that support Microsofts side in the antitrust suit brought against it by the government. The investigators went through trash from those organizations in attempts to find information that would show that the organizations were controlled by Microsoft. Ellison, who, like his hex Bill Gates at Microsoft, is a billionaire, said, All we did was to try to impart information that was hidden and bring it into the light, and added We will ship our garbage to Microsoft, and they can go through it. We believe in full disclosure. The only affair more disturbing than Oracles behavior is their ongoing attempt to justify these actions, Microsoft said in a statement. Mr. Ellison now appears to ac intimacy that he was personally informed of and personally authorized the broad overall strategy of a conniving operation against a variety of trade associations.During the year 2001, industrial espionage came to light concerning the shampoo grocery store between fierce competitors Proctor Gamble and Unilever. buck private Investigators hired by Proctor Gamble sifted through garbage bins outside of the Unilever corporation, succeeding in gathering viable information about market analysis, predictions and future products.16 Upon legal action by Unilever, the two corporations settled out-of-court, because these actions broke Proctor Gambles internal policy on information gathering. logic BombsWhat is a Logic Bomb?Logic go bads are small programs or sections of a program triggered by some event such as a certain date or time, a certain percentage of disk space filled, the removal of a file, and so on. For example, a programmer could pretend a logic conk out to delete critical sections of code if she is all over from the company. Logic bombs are most commonly installed by insiders with access to the system.Logic bombs are a catty programming code that is inserted into a profit system or a single computer for the purpose of deleting data or creating other malicio us acts on a specified date. A logic bomb whole shebang similar to a time bomb because it can be set to go off at a specific date. A logic bomb does not distribute malicious codes until the specified date is reached.How Logic Bombs WorkLogic bombs are created by criminals who are well-versed in computer programming and are generally used to perform acts with malicious intent that threaten network security. The criminal acts include setting a virus to be released into a network system or PC at a specified date or other actions such as deleting or corrupting data and completely reformatting a computer hard drive.A logic bomb works through a code that is inserted into existing software on a network or in a computer where it will lie dormant until a specific event occurs such as a date or time or other command from the computer programmer. When the bomb finally releases the code it can delete files, send hidden information to unauthorized parties, wipe out databases, and disable a net work for a period of days.Why a Logic Bomb is utiliseA logic bomb can be used by a disgruntled employee or other IT personnel that has the knowledge of how to program a logic bomb to threaten network security. Other than targeting a specific computer or network system, a logic bomb can also be used to demand money for software by creating a code that makes the software application into a trial version. After a specific period of time the user must(prenominal) pay a specified sum of money to continue to use the software.Logic bombs can also be used for blackmail and if the demand is not met, the logic bomb will detonate into a computer system or network to destroy data and perform other malicious acts that are included in the command codes.Logic bombs are fairly easy to create if you have a lot of knowledge in computer programming and they do not replicate like other malicious programs. For this reason, logic bombs are usually targeted to specific victims and will not spread to uni ntended victims.A logic bomb can be rather difficult to detect, however you can take security measures such as constantly monitoring the network system for any suspicious activity, using antivirus applications and other scanning programs that can detect any new activity in the data on a network system. The scanning systems should also monitor the entire network and the individual computers attached to the network.CasesA former system administrator for UBS PaineWebber, Roger Duronio, was charged in a New Jersey federal court on charges of sabotaging two-thirds of the companys computer systems. His alleged motive was to undermine the companys run price and make a clomp of money in the process. He is alleged to have shorted over 30,000 shares of UBS stock prior to unleashing his attack which means the potential was there to make 30,000 times the amount by which the stock dropped when the media got wind of the attacks. In a recent stock manipulation case involving Emulex, shares fell 50 percent. Based on the trading range of UBS PaineWebber stock at the time of Duronios alleged attack, it is comely to say his profits could have exceeded half a million dollars.The flaw in Duronios alleged scheme was the obviously unexpected ability of UBS PaineWebber to foreclose news of the attack getting out. This was quite a feat on the companys part because the logic bombs activated on about 1,000 of its nearly 1,500 computers and the malicious programs did actually delete files. Indeed, the company says attack cost it $3 million.In the end, the federal grand jury charged Duronio with one count of securities pretender and one count of violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Duronio was hit with up to 20 years in prison and fines of more than $1.25 million.In September 1990, Donald Burleson, a programmer at the Fort Worth-based insurance company, USPA, was fired for allegedly being quarrelsome and difficult to work with. Two days later, some 168,000 vital records eras ed themselves from the companys computers. Burleson was caught after investigators went back through several years charge of system files and found that, two years before he was fired, Burleson had plant a logic bomb that lay dormant until he triggered it on the day of his dismissal. Burleson became the first person in America to be convicted of damaging access to a computer.In early 2009, Timothy Allen Lloyd was sentenced to 41 months in prison for leaving behind malicious programs that deleted critical data from the servers of omega Engineering, a high-tech measurement company that claimed the cost of the attack was $10 million.According to a report in the National Computer Security Association section on CompuServe, the Orlando Sentinel reported in January 1992 that a computer programmer was fined $5,000 for leaving a logic bomb at General Dynamics. His intention was to return after his program had erased critical data and get paid lots of money to fix the problem.In 1995, a disgruntled computer security officer at an insurance securities firm firm in Texas set up a complex serial of Job Control Language (JCL) and RPG programs described later as switch on wires and time bombs. For example, a snatch data retrieval function was modified to cause the IBM System/38 midrange computer to power down. Another routine was programmed to erase random sections of main memory, change its own name, and reset itself to do a month later.

Case Study of European Budget Airlines

Case Study of European Budget AirlinesRyanair is one of the leading airway companies of Europe. This flight path order is known for its let out-down toll and spunky quality servicing. It operates more than 1,400 flights per day from 44 bases and 1100+ scurvy forage routes across 27 countries, connecting 160 destinations (Ryanair-a, n.d.). This writing endeavours to analyse Ryanair, with special vehemence on situation analysis, decisiveness do, excogitationning and hold inling execute, leadership and government activityal building. This paper will conclude with some plausible recommendations on future issue and progress.Situational AnalysisSWOT is a genuinely helpful counselling beam of light for analysing the situation of a company. Ryanair was established in 1985, and despite its picayunecomings it established a strong position in the market place.StrengthsRyanair has developed a strong put up name in air lane industry as a meek make up go supplier.R yanair has been in the respiratory tract lineage company since the last 25 years and has gained sufficient experience in it.Ryanair has developed its internet facilities and has do it an consequenceant selling point. This helps the company to eliminate the speak tos of agents.Ryanairs fleet includes aircrafts with advanced sitting capacity and low maintenance cost.Ryanairs services performance is of last standard with punctual fleet timing.WeaknessTo save cost, Ryanair charges its passengers for services care refreshments, wheelchair etc. It creates precise impression among passengers about the company.It is not a favorite(a) skyway with the high class passengers.OpportunitiesThe European Union market is expanding with quantify and most of the passengers prefer low get a considerable for their air travel.Regions like spousal relationship America and Asia have greater scope for low cost provider like Ryanair.ThreatsThe existing flight path companies are following str ategies that bring low the cost and hence competition within the industry is increase with time.The oil market is a major supplier to airline moving in. In recent years, expense of oil has increased significantly.The customers are becoming very price and service sensitive.Porters 5 ForcesThe bargaining power of suppliers is very high as the go of aircraft manufacturer and oil suppliers are very less in the market. availableness of right-hand(a) airports is as well as very principal(prenominal) for this industry. However, airports bargaining power is kind of low as they depend on aircraft companies. The bargaining power of customers is very high as they have many oppositewise(prenominal) airline service providers to require from. The barrier entry of airline industry is rather high as it requires heavy investments and technical expertise. Airline is the fastest mode of transportation for foreign and long distance travel. No other substitute can jib the service of ai rline industry. Competition among existing rival is the most import factor in this industry. The rivals are competing with each other for increasing their market share. In European Union, Lufthansa, Ryanair, Easy jet etc are leading airline companies.3. Decision Making3.1. Decision Making Process in RyanairRyanair provides low cost and high quality airline services to its customers. It places customer cheer above all other priorities. The purpose qualification process is principally centred on concerns regarding ways to provide higher customer services. Fleet planning, airline come on, fleet scheduling etc are some of the chief aspects of Ryanairs effective conclusion making process.3.2. Decision Making ApproachDecision making procession can be outlined as strategic tone-beginninged of an formation. Ryanairs counsel squad suggests to follow perspicacious decision making approach. The rational decision making approach is an ongoing and dynamic process. This approach help s to identify the underlying problems and to gamble relevant solutions (Kroon, 1995 p.187). For example, in 2004, when the company was passing through a monetary crisis, rational decision making approach not only helped it to get the better of it but besides paved the path of emergence.3.3. Types of Problems and Decisions Making In RyanairIn 2004, Ryanair was one of the worst performers in FTSE Eurotop 300 index. During that period, competition in airline industry was very high in the European nations as many new companies entered the market. Despite the stiff competition, the company enjoyed a healthy growth rate till 2003. But the heeds inability to substantiate and rectify the essential weakness of its decision making process stunted its growth.3.4. Decision-Making Conditions in Ryanairdarn framing the strategic move for any decision making process Ryanairs first priority will be to analyse the elements of external competition. The European airline industry is crowded wit h many leading companies like Lufthansa, Virgin, Aer Lingus, and British Airway etc. Consumers needs are withal very important for Ryanairs decision-making. Prior to 2003, the companys concern for customer service was very low, except the low fare advantages.3.5. Decision-Making StylesThe decision making style of Ryanairs management squad seems to be affected by different factors. However, the decision making methods are quite flexible. After analysing its rapid growth during 2002-2003, it can be claimed that it centralisees on short term documentary rather than long term goals. Creativity is another major feature of its decision making style.3.6. Decision- Making Biases and ErrorsRyanairs temporary discover during 2004 brought into fore many drawbacks of its decision making process. Robbins has identified some unexplained prejudices and errors of decision making like biases relating to overconfidence, anchoring, confirmation, availability, escalation of commitment etc (Robbins , 2009, p.126). Ryanairs decision was affected by two major biases i.e. anchoring biases and status quo biasness. Its decision making was base on the past success that failed to take in to account unfavourable macro-economic conditions resulting from 9/11 attack on WTC.4. Planning4.1 deal and Mission StatementVision and military mission statements help an organisation to prepare a roadmap for its operative activities. Ryanairs ordained website does not have the vision and mission statement of the company. However, the public statements of Michael OLeary and other higher executive member of Ryanair indicate that it aims to fulfill growth and success by being the terminal cost provider in airline industry (Box and Kent, 2007).4.2. Purposes of PlanningIn general, the purpose of planning is to bring forcefulness and efficiency in the running(a) activities of a business. The implied mission and vision of Ryanairs go throughably states its purposes of planning. To counter the in creasing competition, the company has decided to follow low cost strategy. Hence, its planning is designed after taking into consideration this objective.4.3 Planning And Performances in RyanairAccording to Riezebos, planning is a very crucial element of usable activity that affects the performance level (Riezebos, 2001, p.12). Planning is one of the major tools of motivating participants to procure the common organisational goal. Due to rational decision making approach, the company is able to plan its operational and strategic activities properly. Ryanair is able to achieve its bum with the help of an effectual planning process.4.4 Types of Goals in RyanairThe primary goal of Ryanair is to generate the lowest cost airline service provider in Europe. The belief of offering low fare proved successful for the company. However, initially it failed to understand the necessity of good service for customer. Currently, the company is committed to provide lower fare, high quality se rvice and punctual air schedule (Ryanair-b, n.d.).4.5 Types of Plans in RyanairRyanairs decision making process follows rational approach and it also follows rational model for its planning process. Basically, planning can be divided as short term goal and long term goal. The companys management team was concerned only with the short term goal. The company often changes its plan as per the requirements of the market. In 2002, the companys plan was to provide low cost fare and after 2004, its planning process also took note of service quality.4.6 hap Factors in PlanningRyanair faces three major contingency factors. Firstly, the organisational level affects the operational planning of middle and low level managers. Secondly, the uncertainty of macro-environmental or other external factors affects the planning process. Therefore, Ryanair aims to develop a flexible planning schema. Thirdly, the long and short term objectives of Ryanair affect its planning process. The company always t ries to put up on its current objective.4.7 ObjectivesThe primary objective of Ryanair is to attain cost leadership in European airline market. However, to achieve this objective, the company needs to scale down on other long term goal. These include increasing its operational activities to enter new markets like North America, developing customer centred business model and increasing the use of internet as a major selling point (OCuilleanain et al, 2004).4.8 heed by Objectives (MBO)Management by objective (MBO) approach of management leads to increase in the performance of organisation. MBO is a result-oriented, non-specialized managerial process for the effective utilization of organisational resources by integrating individuals with the organisation and the organisation with the environment (Goyal, 2005, p.304). During 2004, in order to overcome its crisis situation, the company introduced MBO approach to purify its performance.4.9 Strategic Management ProcessRyanairs strateg ic management process is based on its objective of achieving cost leadership in European airline industry. The company has improved its positioning by implementing proper strategic management process. The key elements of its strategic management include low fares, high frequence of point-to-point flight within short routes, proper route choice, reduction in operating cost, increase the internet use for selling, maintenance of safely and high quality service etc (OCuilleanain et al, 2004)5. Organising5.1 Organisation Structure and DesignProper organisational construction and design helps to develop efficient management performance. There are quad elements of organisation structure and these are departmentalisation, span of oblige, centralization and formalization. Appendix 1 depicts the organisation structure of Ryanair. Michael OLeary is the CEO of the company and at that place are vii Directors and a Chairman. For each department like customer services, finance, HR etc, there are individual head management personnel having a team.5.2 twine of CommandThe Chain of command in Ryanair is based on its organisational structure. The extension 1 portrays that the CEO is the chief person of command of the organisation. However, the decision making process in Ryanair includes all the senior managers of each department. To maintain high level of foil and to develop two-way communication arranging in cross functional departments, the chain of command is very essential.5.3 Span of rigThe span of control in Ryanair is effective and helps to maintain a skillful organisational growth. The span of control of the CEO Michael OLeary is the highest and most effective. As per appendix 1, the inherent department is required to report on the ongoing activities to the CEO. The CEO on with the Directors and Chairman is responsible for making the final decisions of the organisation. However, for better planning and implementation, the employees should be involved in the decision making process.5.4 Centralization and decentralizationThe decision of centralization or decentralization depends on the nature and expansion of business. Ryanair is a multinational company having different units in European countries and North America. For the airline industry, decentralization is more preferred over centralization. However, Ryanair follows a centralized organisational model. Decentralization of organisation will help it to compete with the major competitors of different markets.5.5 mechanical and Organic organizationThe mechanistic organisations are those having a well defined hierarchy. Ryanair has a centralized organisational structure and it is an example of mechanistic organisation. Appendix 2 shows the major difference between the mechanistic and organic organisation. The company has been very strict in maintaining its relationship with the employees. However, such organisational structure of Ryanair creates biases and errors in decision making proce ss.5.6 Contingency FactorsThere are many factors that affect the organisational structure of a company. The industry trend, the growth structure, the cordial and demographic characteristics of employee customers and vision and mission of the company etc are the major contingency factors that help in scheming the organisational structure. The leadership quality of the higher management also affects the organisational structure. The organisational structure of Ryanair is also affected by external competition and its leadership style.5.7 Job Characteristics computer simulationOne of the primary objectives of Ryanair is to provide high customer services and in this respect the employees are the most important resource. In order to enrich the quality of job, the company motivates its employees to achieve the common organisational goal i.e. growth. The company aim to offer agonistical salaries with excellent benefits that are simple and easy to understand (Ryanair-c, n.d.).6. Leaders hipThe leadership style is an important influencing factor organisational growth and success. The major leadership skills of Ryanairs management focus on the low cost fare for airline. The fleet of Ryanair includes single-class aircraft that increases the seating capacity. However, the leadership skills of Ryanair have led to its success of 2002-2003 and trial of 2004. The leadership in Ryanair strives to focus on position, seniority and authority. check off7.1 Control ProcessThe control process is the key element for Ryanair as it wants to achieve the lowest cost leadership. In order to facilitate effective and efficient control system, employees must be properly organized. Ryanair has developed proper system for regulating the control process by managing its employees.7.2 Types of ControlRyanair strategic moves and policies control various aspect of the organisation. Firstly, cost controlling activity is the major criteria for low cost fare airline and it includes labour cost, ma rketing cost, airport charges. It also reduces the service cost by controlling many activities. For example, in 2003, it did not offer meals of refreshments to passengers who faced delays (O Higgins, 2004,).7.3 Managerial Approaches to Implement ControlsRyanairs management team approach for implementation of control, strives to bring down the financial expenses. However, proper organisation polish and operational activities are also very important to improve its service qualities. Fleet control and market control are necessary for achieving the competitive strategy. The market control managerial approach of Ryanair involves the comparison of profit and expenses with that of its competitors.7.4 Management Information SystemFor establishing better management system, Ryanair has brought technological advancement in its organisations non-operational activities. For example, it has developed its website for using it as a major selling point. The increasing use of internet has made the m anagerial activity more efficient. At present, the company is aiming to achieve 100% internet ticket booking.Contingency Factors in ControlLike the decision making process, controlling activity of an organisation is affected by uncertainty of macro-economic factors and the cultural and social characteristics of employees. In the airline industry, the major contingency factor is the competition and conflicts related to organisational objectives. Ryanairs management aims to revoke these contingencies factors related to employees by rewarding them for their efforts.7.6 Corporate GovernanceRyanair is listed on capital of the United Kingdom and Irish Stock Exchanges in Europe. The company is responsible for following proper business ethics and compliance as per the unified governance. The entire management teams including the Directors and CEO are committed to maintain the standard corporate governance. Its business policy clearly defines the role of Directors and other members in meet ing its corporate responsibility.Balanced ScorecardBalanced pretend card is the most fashionable management tool used by organisations. Ryanairs strategic management system can be explained with balanced score card. To bring efficiency in its operational activities, Ryanair concentrates of four major areas i.e. finance, customer, business process and learning and growth.8.1 BenchmarkingTo achieve the objective of becoming the lowest cost provider in the European airline industry, Ryanair has set its benchmark for cost controlling activities. At present, it is the lowest cost provider in the industry and hence, it has developed its own benchmark. For example, in 2003, the company reduced its cost for wheelchairs services by bringing a third party wheelchair suppliers who charged passengers for supplying wheelchairs.8.2 Value ChainThe measure chain of the company strives to provide the lowest fare possible. Appendix 4 portrays the value chain which includes other important aspects of the airline industry. To develop a cost effective operational process, the company has combined its balanced score card, benchmarking and value chain.RECOMMENDATIONSTo ensure success, Ryanair must bring some changes in its management and business model. Some of the useful recommendations are given below.It must focus on its services to meet the passengers minimum expectation.The company should include the employees in the decision making process.As many other rivals are also following low cost strategy, Ryanair can bring certain innovations in its service process.Internal communication should be encouraged for better transparency and motivation.It should develop its public image by increasing corporate social activities.For maintaining low cost fare, it should emphasise on the financial aspects.10. ReferenceBox, T. M. and Kent, B. 2007. Ryanair (2005) favored Low Cost Leadership. Online. operable at http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5452/is_200705/ai_n21289700/pg_2/. Acces sed on November 03, 2010.Goyal, R. C. 2005. hospital Administration and Human Resource Management. 4th Edition. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.Hellriegel, D. and Slocum, J. W. 2007. Organizational behaviour. eleventh Edition. Cengage Learning.Kroon, J. 1995. General Management. 2nd Edition. Pearson South Africa.OCuilleanain, E. S. et al, 2004. Ryanair Plc. Pdf. getable at http//dev.ulb.ac.be/cours/alle/PDF/BuspPresRyanair04.pdf. Accessed on November 03, 2010.O Higgins, E, 2004, Case Study Ryanair.Riezebos, 2001. Design of a period batch control planning system for cellular manufacturing. University of Groningen.Robbins, S. P. 2009. Organisational behaviour global and Southern African perspectives. 2nd Edition. Pearson South Africa.Ryanair-a. No Date. About Us History of Ryanair. Online. Available at http//www.ryanair.com/en/about. Accessed on November 03, 2010.Ryanair-b. No date. About Us passenger Charter. Online. Available at http//www.ryanair.com/en/about/passenger-charter. Accessed on November 03, 2010.Ryanair-c. No date. Careers. Online. Available at http//www.ryanair.com/en/careers/working-for-ryanair. Accessed on November 03, 2010.The Official Board. September 15, 2010. Ryanair. Online. Available at http//www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/ryanair-holdings. Accessed on November 03, 2010.The Performance Institute. 2009. Balanced Scorecard. Online. Available at http//www.performanceweb.org/events/training/program-performance/sub7/. Accessed on November 03, 2010.Jack Baskin School of Engineering. No date. Airline Industry Analysis. Ppt. Available at http//www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/ism158/Winter03/istcch04.ppt. Accessed on November 03, 2010.

Salvador Dali Essays -- essays research papers

Salvador Dali, the talented surrealist puma was born May 11, 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He was the second of three children in his family. His p atomic number 18nts believed him to be the reincarnation of his ripened brother who had died just nine months beforehand Salvador was born. Dali said later in life that he often entangle like he and his deathlike brother were one when he painted. His parents were really indulgent through step up his childhood, Dali often dressed up and imitation to be an emperor and reign his family. Even when his younger sister Anna mare was born, Dali maintained his position as the dictator of the family.Though Dali was an unruly student, many people recognized his blazing and artistic talent at a very young board. He began seriously painting at age ten, though his more far-famed works did not appear until he was thirteen. Most of these early paintings were landscapes of the areas ring his hometown, Figueras and nearby Cadaquese. Later, he beg an to use the papistic ruins in Ampurius which he real a strong love for and are a recurrent proposition in many of his later pieces.A year after Dalis mother died in 1921, Dali was accepted to the Acadamia de San Fernando in Madrid. This was and art school that specialised in painting, sculpture, and engraving. Dali had mastered Impressionism several years earlier and was now experimenting with cubism. This affect his classmates, most of who were just beginning to hold on Im... Salvador Dali Essays -- essays research papers Salvador Dali, the talented surrealist painter was born May 11, 1904 in Figueras, Spain. He was the second of three children in his family. His parents believed him to be the reincarnation of his older brother who had died just nine months before Salvador was born. Dali said later in life that he often felt like he and his dead brother were one when he painted. His parents were very indulgent through out his childhood, Dali often dressed up and pretended to be an emperor and rule his family. Even when his younger sister Anna Maria was born, Dali maintained his position as the dictator of the family.Though Dali was an unruly student, many people recognized his brilliance and artistic talent at a very young age. He began seriously painting at age ten, though his more notable works did not appear until he was thirteen. Most of these early paintings were landscapes of the areas surrounding his hometown, Figueras and nearby Cadaquese. Later, he began to use the Roman ruins in Ampurius which he developed a strong love for and are a recurrent theme in many of his later pieces.A year after Dalis mother died in 1921, Dali was accepted to the Acadamia de San Fernando in Madrid. This was and art school that specialized in painting, sculpture, and engraving. Dali had mastered Impressionism several years earlier and was now experimenting with cubism. This impressed his classmates, most of who were just beginning to grasp Im...

Workplace Privacy Essay -- Workplace Privacy Essays

Workplace Privacy Background As a director for the American Red Cross of Santa Monica, not only am I constantly faced with policy and personnel conflicts, I am also responsible for conclusion solutions to those conflicts. Recently, I was charged with the task of finding a solution to a problem we (as a chapter) had never dealt with before. The American Red Cross is an apolitical organization. During the recent elections, a supervisor in my office sent forth emails to many of our colleagues and her friends stating her opinion regarding Proposition 22 (the proposition referring to the status of gay relationships). She was strongly against the issue, and was encouraging everyone to get out and vote against this proposition. The supervisor used her email account at the American Red Cross of Santa Monica to get her substance out. Each employees email account identifies the Red Cross of Santa Monica in its address. Although the supervisor was acting as a concerned cit izen and by no means meant to make her statements as a Red Cross representative, that is exactly how many stack who reliable the message took it. Red Cross clients, volunteers, and staff complained about this supervisor victimization her Red Cross email to send out her political message. The supervisor do two very large mistakes. Firstly, she sent out a personal message on her company email account. Secondly, she sent that message to business associates, not just friends. The Red Cross of Santa Monica management made two large mistakes as well. Firstly, we had not developed an email/profit policy. Secondly, management would have not known about the situation if people had not complained. There is no monitoring system in plac... ...orporated. 1996 American Red Cross. Human Resources Policy and Procedure Manual. 1999. Cozetto, Don, and Thomas Pedeliski. Public personnel Administration Confronting the Challenges of Change. Prentice-Hall 199 6. Loudy, David. E-Law Legal Issues Affecting Computer Information Systems And System agent Liability. Computer Law Journal Vol. 12 1993. Tech-Netiquette. Home page. April 24, 2000 www.thirdage.com Thomas Lee, Laurie. pale Your E-mail. Monitoring and Privacy Law in the Age of the Electronic Sweatshop. 28 John Marshall Law Review 139 1994. Turner Baumhart, Julia. The Employers safe to Read Employee E-mail Protecting Property of Personal Prying. 43 labour party Law Journal 923 1992.

profile of a killer Essay -- essays research papers

During the last decade the world has witnessed a staggering superlative in in series(p) killings. To give some insight into the scale of the worry posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures ar available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 ar dissonant. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the procedure of known victims of serial killers, then between 3,500 and 5,000 people argon killed by serial murderers every year. (Lane and Gregg 3) These numerous multiple murders, often without consequence and justice, concur shocked civilized society with incomprehensible acts of inhumanity. Horrific amounts of body counts and volumes of spilt origination accompany the discovery of each new serial killer. The indescribable events associated with each murder leave such u nanswered questions as what deviations lurk in the mind of a serial killer, what provokes an individual to commit such dread(a) acts, and what can be done to reduce these inconceivable murders? There are a set of variable elements, which distinguish the "serial" murder from the single-incident (" habitual") murder, the "mass" murder, and the "spree" murder. The "mass" murder can be defined as an act in which a single assailant kills a number of people during a short extremity of time in roughly the same geographical location. The "spree" murder can be defined as a multiple number of killings, which take government agency during a short period of time, hours or days. The "serial" murder exhibits quin distinct sets of characteristics, which help distinguish it from the "mass" murder and "spree" murder. First, the killings are repetitive ("serial") and often escalate over a period of time, sometimes yea rs, which will continue until the killer is taken into custody, dies, or himself is killed. Second, the killings, care "normal" homicides, tend to be one-on-one. Third, there is no, or very little, familiarity between the perpetrator and the victim. Fourth, although there may be a "pattern," or "victim trait," individual murders within a series rarely bring out a clearly defined or rational motive. Fi... ...ny police agency, having an unsolved murder, will submit to the FBI Academy a thorough description of the fibre using a twenty-seven-page questionnaire. VICAP will then alert the crime psychoanalyst to similar cases nationwide. During my interview with Dr. James R. Metts, Sheriff of Lexington County S.C., he informed me of the procedures involved in the Shari Faye Smith and Debra May Helmick case. He noted that "the Behavioral Unit in the FBI was extremely helpful in solving this case by big(a) us a psychological profile of the perpetrator and ad vising us on how to handle the media throughout the case" (Metts). "Americas fascination with serial killers is reaching an all time high-and may be fueling their poisonous deeds" (Toufexis 64-65). Serial killings graphic details in incomprehensible hysteria almost seem fictional, but the statistics reveal an alarming rise in these murders. Ignoring this terrifying fact will not make it disappear, only increase. The approximation "It will not happen to me" is no longer logical imputable to the constant elevation of serial killings. These callous and meticulous killers are without blemish or motive, leaving everyone susceptible.

Time Transfixed :: Essays Papers

Time transfixRENE MARGRITTE, TIME TRANSFIXED, 1938Time transfixed by Rene Margritte is a surrealistic painting. By escorting the painting We visit a very sharp and exonerated painting with dark colors close to the red. The painting look so real that fools the eye and the observer has the impression that it is a computer graphic and not a real painting. The composition its ruled by straight diagonal lines. But there are some unsloped lines to break the monotony and to relax our eye. Our vision goes straight to the open fireplace because its the only object on white and attracts our attention. It is a strange composition. on that point is a fireplace and a train approaching through it. Its the train that travels through the succession. But why come through the fireplace? That because is surrealistic. On the top of the fireplace are two candles. The candles are not lit. But the painting is illuminated by natural light coming from the right. The candles symbolize the knowledge. In meddle of two candles is a black make showing 1 oclock. The watch symbolizes time and the mystery of time On the back is a reflect. It reflects only the shape of the candle and the watch and nothing else. There is void space on the mirror. Thats because the mirror symbolizes the mystery of the Universe and our ignorance for the mysteries that Universe hides and the forth dimension TIME. By seeing the painting the observers has the impression that there is void space in the room too. The mirror and the fireplace, which looks like an empty box, give that impression. We dont know if there is void space in the room because we see only a part of it.

La Belle Dame Sans Merci by John Keats :: John Keats Belle Dame Sans Merci Essays

La Belle hiss Sans Merci by fast one Keats jakes Keats was born in London on October 31, 1795. He was the son of a stable partner who married the owners daughter and later inherited the stable for himself. The elder Mr. Keats died when John was eight, leaving the family tied up in legal matters that lasted the rest of Johns life. He was fourteen when his mother died of tuberculosis, and fifteen when his guardian apprenticed him to an apothecary-surgeon. Soon after, John left the medical field to focus primarily on poetry. In July 1820, John left England for Italy. He had suffered a serious hemorrhage of the lungs, which he at once recognized as a symptom of tuberculosis. He was told by doctors that the warmer air of Italy would help cure him. John and his admirer took up residence in a home next to the famous Spanish Steps in Rome. He died of tuberculosis on February 23, 1821, at the age of twenty-six. John Keats wrote several romances, including Endymion, and The Eve of St. Agnes. He also wrote whatever lyrics, but the best known are the are the sonnets and a series of major odes that include an Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, and To Autumn. unrivaled of his best known b all toldad is A Belle Dame sans Merci (A Women Without Pity). La Belle Dame sans Merci is an innovation for Keats since he had always been use to writing his usual iambic pentameter poems. The meter in La Belle Dame sans Merci was an experiment. Keats uses a lot of auditive and visual imagery. In addition, he also uses figurative language, understatement and overstatement all throughout the poem. On that account, he also uses a single ecphonesis mark throughout the poem that also contributes to the atmosphere of desolation. In conclusion, La Belle Dame sans Merci is a romantic poem because the knight meets a scenic person that he thinks he falls in love with at first sight.

Philosophy of Science or Scientific Philosophy? :: Philosophical Essays

Philosophy of Science or Scientific Philosophy?ABSTRACT Pursuit of Ultimate Reality forms the human beings of philosophical inquiry. The present paper represents a pursuit of this sort. Here I make a humble effort at making doctrine scientific an effort which is based on the revival of Atomism initially formulated by some ancient philosophers of the East and West Jainas, Vaisesikas, Democritus, Beucippus and others. every material particle, however minute, is composite and divisible naturally, the original stuff of the Universe is infallible to be non-particular. Modern physicists have reached the terminal point of the method of analytic thinking and succeeded to transform a very little part of a atomic pickle into an enormous kinetic energy by way of fission and fusion. The energy as such, being the power of activity dormant in the nuclear mass of every atom, is obviously non-particular and original. Thus mass is continually being transformed into energy and conversely, resul ting in the evolution of everything that makes up the universe so that the original power is manipulable to transformation and alien to annihilation. The present paper is an attempt to explore a possible reply to the query inserted in the very title. Here I shall make a parochial use of the term Science to close the physical or Natural Science, and present only the prcis of the all thing for the sake of brevity.IThe world is a big zero. The humanity and all other planets move round the Sun, satellites move round the planets, the negativity charged * electrons move round the positively charged heart to appoint an atom even each of the elementary particles in the nucleus (nucleons) has a spin of its own, like the Earth the orbits whitethorn however, be circular, elliptical, angular or the like. Whatever be the type or form of the orbit, the circumference draw by any body moving round its centre (nucleus) feces never come to an end. Man is therefore apt to consider the univer se to be eternally present.IIThe living cell has a nucleus two human beings of opposite sexes constitute a unit, i.e., a family in which any one of them normally acts as the nucleus because the society may be Patriarchal or Matriarchal each such family, again, serves as the nucleus of a larger family, the largest being the human society as a whole and a society in The Society found in every habitable part of the globe is governed by a person or a group of persons that the society centres round.

Critique of the Movie Matchstick Men :: Movie Film Essays

Critique of the Movie Matchstick handsI recently read a review of Matchstick Men by Nicolas Bardot who said of the movie very touching but lacking a certain panache. The Matchstick Men starring Nicolas detain, Sam Rockwell, and Alison Lohman, is the story of Roy (Cage) who with his numerous disorders and his spouse Frank (Rockwell) tries to pull off a con job. Unfortunately, Roys little girl Angela (Lohman) suddenly shows up and things dont go exactly as planned. Although Roys disorders are not mentioned specifically, I cant envisage they would make his job easy in the first place, but drift a long lost teenage daughter into the mix and I can not wait to see what happens next. Matchstick Men is an adaptation from an Eric Garcia smart and runs one hour and fifty six minutes.Bardot seems to vary on his credit of this movie. He makes special note of John Mathiesons photography declaring it as superb, as well as expressing delight in the soundtrack which was compiled by Hans Zimm er. Bardot seems to adulation the movie for its depiction of anti-heroes, yet at the same epoch says that at times it becomes slightly dull and uninteresting. Despite his lack of refulgency praise for the picture, Bardot expands upon the expansive and spectacular past pictures by Ridley Scott, the director. Having directed much(prenominal) films as Gladiator and Black Hawk Down among others, Bardot seems to think Scott has prove a hidden talent in his new genre, comedy, declaring that his work on this picture is marvelous.Although Bardot mentions the performances of Nicolas Cage, Sam Rockwell, and Alison Lohman, I wish he had gone into to a greater extent detail as to what was good about them, or in Cages case unnerving. He also refrains from mentioning other details such(prenominal) as setting, costumes, and camera angles which I would find interesting.

Vitamins Essay -- Health Nutrition Papers

VitaminsWhat Are Vitamins? Vitamins be a group of entire food substances or nutrients found only in living things, plants and animals. They are needed to maintain normal body functions. The body foundationnot synthesize its accept vitamins so we must get our vitamins from the foods we eat, or from dietary supplements. Vitamins are intrinsic for metabolism, growth, and physical well-being. Why Do We Need Vitamins? To put it plainly, if we did not bolt down adequate amounts of vitamins our bodies would not be able to function properly. Vitamins are inborn to so many processes within the body that it would be very hard-fought for me to tell you all of the things vitamins are needed for. The fundamentals of cells depend greatly upon vitamins. Vitamins are responsible for keeping cells strong, binding tissues, fighting infections, etc. Without vitamins our cells would not function properly and thus our organs would suffer and eventually we would no longer be able to survive. Vitam ins help regulate metabolism, help metamorphose fat and carbohydrates into energy, and assist in forming b wiz and tissue. Vitamin A works in our immunological systems strengthening membranes thus fighting infections, it works in our eyeball aiding vision, it helps our ears by treating otosclerosis, it helps jawbone and tooth formation, healthy mouth membranes and gums, keeps our skin clear and keeps our productive systems healthy including fertility and sperm production. The vitamin B complex is probably one of the most essential groups of vitamins to our health. There are twelve B vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, biotin, pantothenic savage, choline, folic acid, inositol, and PABA. These vitamins unneurotic are responsible for helping enzymes releas... ...tlesey, MJ Deschenes, MR. Dietary supplements and improved anaerobic suffice. International ledger of Sports Nutrition. 4(4)387-97, 1994 Dec. Mills, JL and Conley, MR. Periconceptual vitamin supplementation to prevent neu ral tube defects how can we do it?. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 61(1)49-55, 1995 Jul. Null, Gary. The Complete Guide to health and Nutrition. Dell Publishing. New York, New York. 1984. Oakley, GP Jr. Adams, MJ Dickinson, CM. More folic acid for everyone, now. Journal of Nutrition. 126(3)751s-755s, 1996 Mar. Seymour, J. Nutrition vitamins and supplements. Nursing Times. 91(17)48-50, 1995 Apr 26- May 2. Steen, SN Mayer, K Brownell, KD Wadden, TA. Dietary intake of female collegiate heavyweight rowers. International Journal of Sports Nutrition. 5(3)225-31, 1995 Sep.

Hester, Reverend Dimmesdale, and Pearl of Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet

Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl of The Scarlet Letter     The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a Romantic impertinent set in Colonial capital of Massachusetts.  The of import character, Hester, wears a scarlet letter A as a token of adultery, but she refuses to identify the partner in her crime.  Hawthorne uses many symbols in his novel to discuss the effects of this refusal.  Three symbols in the novel ar Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl.         virtuoso symbol in the novel is Hester.  A symbol is a individual or thing that indirectly represents an object or idea.  Hester symbolizes strength.  By be in Boston, she accepts her punishment.  This shows great strength because she could bring forth easily left Boston in search of a new life, one in which no one knew her.  Instead, Hester continues her life in Boston, serving as a mid-wife and sewing for the same people who had condemned her.  This shows strength by her acceptance of her fate and her willingness to stay in this community - the place of her sin.  Hester faces torment and social isolation daily.  She essential live alone and have no adult communication.  The townspeople are afraid to talk to her and refuse to include her.  This solitary confinement is tormenting because all(a) human beings need interaction with other human beings. Yet, because of her inner strength, she accepts it and goes on with her life.  A second example of her strength is her refusal to reveal the identity of Pearls get down she chooses to endure her punishment alone.  This shows her strength because she must bear the burden for two people.  Having to be punished and watching some... ...e is the only major character in the novel that does not know what the A really means.  She also provides reactions to situations in a straightforward manner without the bias present when dealing with adults.   numerous adults judge Hester according to past deeds or other things that have been force-fed to them for their entire lives.  Pearl, on the other hand, reacts plainly and honestly.  Pearl is perhaps the close to interesting of all the characters in the novel.  Pearl is another symbol in the novel.         Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl are three symbols in the novel.  Hester is a symbol of strength, Dimmesdale is a symbol of weakness, and Pearl is more or less the personification of the A itself.  Each symbol helps the reader better the authors basic message - the imprecation of hypocrisy.

How to Write an Essay :: Writing an Essay

Find a subject you commission about and which you in your heart feel others should c be about. It is this genuine caring, not your games with language, which will be the most compelling and enticing element in your style.-- Kurt VonnegutLearning how to pull through an search can be a maddening, exasperating process, but it doesnt have to be. If you screw the steps and figure what to do, writing can be easy and even fun.Below are brief summaries of each of the ten steps to writing an set about.1. Research dispirit the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an expert. Utilize the internet, the donnish databases, and the library. Take notes and immerse yourself in the words of great trusters.2. Analysis direct that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays youre reading. Clearly coiffure the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence. Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays written by others.3. Brainstorming Your essay will require insight of your own, genuine essay-writing brilliance. Ask yourself a 12 questions and answer them. Meditate with a pen in your hand. Take walks and think and think until you come up with original insights to write about.4. Thesis emollient your best idea and pin it down in a substantiate assertion that you can write your entire essay around. Your thesis is your chief(prenominal) point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know where youre going, and why. Its practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis.5. Outline Sketch out your essay before this instant writing it out. Use one-line sentences to describe divides, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essays order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure enough each paragraph is unified.6. Introduction Now sit down and write the essay. The presentationduction should grab the readers attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a buildup of the issue, a stage of bringing your reader into the essays argument.(Note The statute title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay. This is an essay-writing point that doesnt always sink in within the context of the classroom. In the first paragraph you either hook the readers interest or digest it.

The Bush Stimulus Package :: Essays Papers

The render Stimulus Package electric chair Bush has just unveiled his new $674 billion economic stimulant package. The Democrats, although they have little chance of getting it passed in the GOP-controlled Senate, have countered with a plan of their own, with a much lower tab of $136 billion.The centerpiece of the Bush plan is arguably the elimination of the tax on dividends paid by shareholders, which receives up a hefty $364 billion of the entire sum. The reasoning is that it is foul to tax corporate earnings once and then again tax them when they are paid out as dividends to shareholders. However, the presidents system of logic is faulty in that there are many instances of so-called mental image taxation in our society. For example, when one earns a dollar as severalize of ones income, it is taxed and then it is taxed again in the form of sales tax when the dollar is spent. Another criticism lodged at the White dramatic art is that the repeal of the dividends tax benef its the wealthy in a dispro ingredientate manner. Democrats trip out that the wealthiest one pct of Americans would stand to gain over forty percent of the benefits. This is partly due to the fact that the wealthiest generally receive the greatest voice of their income from dividends. Analysts say Mr. Bush is trying to appeal to the new investor class, which straightway includes the majority of Americans. Interestingly enough, senior citizens and retirees comprise a significant portion of stockholders who collect on dividends. That is what allows George W. Bush to claim that repeal of dividends tax is intentional to benefit seniors, when wealthy investors will reap the most reward.The purpose, in possibleness at least, of ending double taxation is to put more money in the hands of investors, and to encourage more Americans to invest in the suffer stock market, which is now near an all-time low. Another beneficial put up will be to encourage large corporations to pay dividends , thus plentiful more money to Americans. If this money goes towards consumption and private and capital investment, the parsimony will inevitably get a much-needed boost, since GDP=C+I+G+X. In addition to elimination of dividend taxation, the Bush plan proposes to make the 2001 tax cuts permanent. Again, one can argue that the wealthy are the primeval beneficiaries of Mr. Bushs tax cuts. But part of the problem stems from constitutive(a) inequities in the tax code.

Of Mice and Men :: essays research papers

Du address the era of the prominent Depression in the 1930s, many people deep in thought(p) their jobs and became precise l acely. This was almost the time when John Steinbeck released his famous moderate just about these bindle stiffs. The book was called, Of Mice and Men. bleakness is one of the major themes of this novel. Several of the characters in the book be alone. In this novel, John Steinbeck shows how being alone affects different characters. all(prenominal) is affected in a different way. Throughout the novel, the theme of retirement is mostly explicit in the important characters of sweeten, Curleys wife and Crooks.Candy, the spreading gloveyman, lost his hand in an accident and worries about his future on the ranch. He fears that his sequence is making him useless and unwanted. Candys age and handicap withal contribute to his desolation. some of the men reject Candy because of these things and he fears that he will ultimately come to the same end as h is middle-aged dog. Candy is small by Lennie and Georges dream to get their own mo of land and " brook off the fatta the lan". This dream lifted Candys spirit and provided set him up for a bigger disappointment. This made Candy not only a victim of loneliness, but likewise of disillusionment. He also feels the burden of loneliness and shows it by his relationship with his sheep dog. The dog, being described as ancient, rancid, and half-blind, had been in Candys life and his mate for a very long time and Candy had grown abandoned to it. He say he, "had him since he was a pup" and he utilize to "herd sheep with him." erstwhile the other farmhands had finally gotten fed up with it and tell that the dog essential to be put out of its misery Candy was extremely slow to turn it over and let him go. After consultation the shot ring outside, all Candy could do was turn his pose towards a ring and not look around. Certainly Candy set up this dog to b e a loyal companion of his and he had essential a material relationship with it over the years, which helped him cope with his loneliness on the ranch. Whenever one is victorious a deeper look at Of Mice and Men one will in all probability get a sense of how depressing the ranch really is. These are just a few examples of how different characters dealt with their loneliness.Of Mice and Men essays research papers During the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s, many people lost their jobs and became very lonely. This was around the time when John Steinbeck released his famous book about these bindle stiffs. The book was called, Of Mice and Men. Loneliness is one of the major themes of this novel. Several of the characters in the book are alone. In this novel, John Steinbeck shows how being alone affects different characters. Each is affected in a different way. Throughout the novel, the theme of loneliness is mostly expressed in the important characters of Candy, Curleys wife and Crooks.Candy, the ranch handyman, lost his hand in an accident and worries about his future on the ranch. He fears that his age is making him useless and unwanted. Candys age and handicap also contribute to his loneliness. Many of the men reject Candy because of these things and he fears that he will eventually come to the same end as his old dog. Candy is crushed by Lennie and Georges dream to get their own piece of land and "live off the fatta the lan". This dream lifted Candys spirit and only set him up for a bigger disappointment. This made Candy not only a victim of loneliness, but also of disillusionment. He also feels the burden of loneliness and shows it by his relationship with his sheep dog. The dog, being described as ancient, stinky, and half-blind, had been in Candys life and his companion for a very long time and Candy had grown attached to it. He said he, "had him since he was a pup" and he used to "herd sheep with him." Once the other farmhands had finally gotten fed up with it and stated that the dog needed to be put out of its misery Candy was extremely reluctant to turn it over and let him go. After hearing the shot ring outside, all Candy could do was turn his face towards a wall and not look around. Certainly Candy found this dog to be a loyal companion of his and he had developed a strong relationship with it over the years, which helped him cope with his loneliness on the ranch. Whenever one is taking a deeper look at Of Mice and Men one will probably get a sense of how depressing the ranch really is. These are just a few examples of how different characters dealt with their loneliness.

Claire Morgan :: English Literature

The Signalman and The Black cast off closed book Stories.In my opinion the most important thing to make a good whodunit story issuspense. The author should set about the ref abstracted to read on andasking questions right from the start. The description of the settingand characters atomic number 18 vital to the mystery. It gives the reader theemotions to really understand the atmosphere of the story. I jadetthink the atmosphere needs to be really obscured simply some bizarrefeatures are needed to get an eerie and mistrustful feeling. A twist inthe give up throws the readers fortune telling off course, and brings themystery together. The clues should be laid out subtlety in the storyso at the end the reader can check up on what they missed as they werereading. If questions are left unanswered at the end of the story itkeeps the readers thinking so they can imagine what happens. A expirationmakes the story more tragic and far fetched yet realistic devising the someone wea rier of what is going on. Being written in the setoff personmakes the story feel more personal and emotional so the reader feelslike they are actually in the story. Dialogue also adds to thisaffect. Having the language of a person gives you a better idea of theirpersonality.I seduce recently studied The Signalman written by Charles Dickens andThe Black Cat by William Wintel. They were both written in the 19thcentury. The Signalman is a mystery story about a man getting convolute with a signalman. As he first calls down to the signalman, hebecomes part of the nightmare. The writer plays the part of thedetective as the story is written in the first person. He starts offas just a passer by, still notices the strange, lonely man. He decidesto go down and speak with the signalman when he realises he will behere again. He soon becomes very involved with the problems of thesignalman. After the man told the narrator about his sightings thenarrator tries to find explanations of the delus ions. however the nextevening he returns to find out that he was wrong. At first, he thinkshe is seeing the exact same ghost that the signalman claimed to haveseen, but he soon realised that this was not. When he reached thebottom of the acid he was confronted by the dead body of thesignalman. As he watched small-arm the evidence of the accident wasgathered the words of the driver echoed through his head. He had heardthese words before. The signalman had told him them the previous